Ethernet vs Standard Reamer: Making the Selection
Uptime is key in any robotic welding system. Not only does it help companies increase productivity, but it also supports a solid return on investment in the equipment. The addition of peripherals, like a nozzle cleaning station or reamer, can help further those goals.
A reamer cleans the consumables on a robotic gas metal arc welding (GMAW) gun to prevent spatter buildup that could lead to porosity. This consumable cleaning reduces downtime for changeover, improves weld quality and minimizes costs. There are two main styles to choose from: standard- or Ethernet-based. Both provide the same function of cleaning the nozzle free of spatter, with the Ethernet-based reamer providing additional functionalities that some companies find beneficial to their robotic welding operation.
During cleaning, the robot is programmed so that it will dock the nozzle of the GMAW gun against a v-block on top of the reamer, typically during routine pauses in welding cycles. Once the nozzle is in place, a signal is relayed to the reamer to close its clamps. When the clamps hold onto the nozzle, concentric to the cutter blade, another signal is sent to the unit telling the spindle to rise and spin the cutter blade, removing the spatter from the nozzle and gas diffuser.
Many companies also employ an anti-spatter sprayer that applies a coating of anti-spatter compound to the front-end consumables after every cleaning cycle. Usually this spray only lasts a half second to avoid saturating the nozzle and wasting the anti-spatter compound.
Standard versus Ethernet
A standard reamer features inputs and outputs that are plugged into a Program Logic Controller (PLC), including the inputs that control the nozzle clamping, cutter actions and anti-spatter spray process. These are the traditional reamers used by many companies.
A standard reamer must be plugged in with a power cord, in addition to having several leads connected to several inputs and outputs, so it may require cord management to minimize clutter.
Ethernet reamers, a newer style, feature a single Ethernet cable that serves as a multipurpose input/output and connects to the PLC. Due to their connectivity, they enable robotic welding system operators to set a program that handles complex equations so they can easily duplicate that program to another weld cell.
Consider a robotic welding operation featuring 100 weld cells that require 50 reamers total. If there are two robots per cell sharing the same reamer, and the reamer program for all 100 weld cells is virtually identical to the first cell, operators can set the program in the first cell to alternate between the two robots and then essentially “copy and paste” that program into the next 99 cells. For this reason, an Ethernet reamer can offer time savings, especially at the integrator level.
With an Ethernet reamer, robotic welding operators can also program a double stroke. If one cleaning cycle wasn’t quite enough to remove spatter from the nozzle, a signal is sent, as the spindle unit and cutter retract, to clean again.
A standard reamer features inputs and outputs that are plugged into a Program Logic Controller (PLC), including the inputs that control the nozzle clamping, cutter actions and anti-spatter spray process.
Ethernet reamers can come with an additional Ethernet port, which can be used to daisy chain to other Ethernet devices. This means an operator does not require an individual Ethernet cord run from the reamer to the PLC, from the robot to the PLC, or from the power source to the PLC. He or she can instead run them in a series, together. This cuts down on the number of wires and cords in the cell, further reducing clutter. They also allow operators to monitor the cycle times carefully and more easily troubleshoot any issues that arise.
That said, some older robotic welding operations are not Ethernet-ready because they use standard-based signals, and some facilities simply do not have the infrastructure, resources, capabilities or knowledge necessary to justify the higher investment of an Ethernet reamer.
As with the implementation of any robotic welding system, having a champion with a certain skillset who can oversee the implementation of an Ethernet reamer and know how to program it is incredibly helpful, and it can ensure the success of the investment.
Regardless of which style of reamer is used, standard- or Ethernet-based, it should always be programmed with the gun docking to the reamer and the height set properly, following the instructions outlined in the owner’s manual. Always dock the nozzle concentric to the cutter, and always supply the reamer with clean, dry air.
Robotic reamer accessories
Almost all reamers function the same way, but accessories can be added to make them behave differently or optimize them for a welding operation.
Wire cutter attachments, for example, cut the wire stick out to a set distance so that the robot can employ wire-touch sensing. Most operations that use a wire cutter on the reamer also use a wire brake on the GMAW gun. The wire brake then holds the wire in place at that set distance so it can’t move — keeping it from extending or retracting as the robot moves. The wire brake works well in combination with robots employing touch sensing, as it keeps the wire in a set position while the robot searches and accurately locates the weld joint.
Lubricators are yet another valuable reamer attachment. A lubricator applies oil to the air motor impeller, coating the blades so they will not absorb moisture that might be present in the air. Keeping these blades lubricated helps extend the life of the motor and protect a company’s investment in a reamer.
Reamer stands are another accessory that can be useful. They are essentially a pedestal that an operator can mount the reamer to, with a stand bolted into the floor. Options exist in the marketplace that can be customized to a specific height to help streamline the weld cell layout and those that feature quick-change base plates to facilitate reamer change-outs when necessary.
Spray containment units are also common reamer attachments designed to keep the welding cell clean of anti-spatter compound. A spray containment unit is a cylinder that mounts on top of the sprayer head to keep excess anti-spatter spray from bleeding into the open environment in the weld cell.
Another useful reamer accessory is a nozzle detect, which is a proximity switch that detects whether a nozzle is present or not. Occasionally, when a robot enters its ream cycle, there may not be a nozzle present on the GMAW gun; it may have been bumped off during routine movement of the robot arm or from accidentally hitting a fixture. Nozzle detect will recognize the absence of the nozzle or if a nozzle is pulled off during a cleaning cycle. These occurrences are especially prevalent when an operation is using a slip-on nozzle, which is more likely to disconnect.
For large robotic welding operations, a multi-feed anti-spatter sprayer system may also be useful. This attachment allows up to 10 reamers to be working off one larger container of anti-spatter compound, eliminating the need for an operator to go into the cell and fill up the smaller sprayer reservoirs attached to every reamer. This reduces how often anti-spatter levels must be checked and the associated downtime.
Although all these accessories, and the reamer itself, do add to the cost of a robotic welding system, they can also lead to measurable cost savings and profits in the long run. Remember, the goal in robotic welding is repeatability and increased productivity, and any additional equipment that can help achieve these results may be worth the investment.
In the end, reamers help clean GMAW gun consumables and prevent porosity. They also reduce downtime and labor for changeover. Since cleaner nozzles and other consumables produce cleaner welds, they can help a robotic welding system produce higher-quality products and be more productive.
Extra: Reamer maintenance
While reamers and their attachments are often afterthoughts for many operators, maintaining them properly and ensuring parts are replaced promptly can greatly improve a robotic welding operation’s overall efficiency, quality and productivity.
All limit switches on a reamer have a life expectancy and must be replaced if they don’t activate any longer, for the reamer to work properly.
Cutter blades also need to be replaced, since the edges will become dull over time and will no longer cut as effectively. In some cases, an operator might visually see that one of the flutes on the cutter is broken.
Operators must also monitor the reservoirs in anti-spatter sprayers regularly, to ensure they have anti-spatter compound in them.
Similarly, if an operation is running a lubricator over an extended period, operators will need to refill the oil reservoir on the lubricator.
MIG welding offers numerous benefits for productivity without sacrificing quality of the finished weld, but there are many factors that can interfere with successful MIG welding performance. You can improve performance and results in your MIG welding applications — and save money through reduced consumable waste — by taking steps to avoid common mistakes related to the MIG gun and consumables. Consider these common causes of poor performance in MIG welding and learn how to prevent them, for a positive impact on productivity and the bottom line. Cutting the liner the wrong length is a common issue in MIG welding. In many cases, it’s a matter of the liner being cut too short. When the liner is the wrong length, it can cause poor wire feeding, an erratic arc and/or wire chatter. For conventional liners, use a liner gauge as a guide when trimming and installing the liner. Another option is to employ a consumable system designed for error-proof installation that eliminates incorrect liner trimming and requires no measuring. The liner loads through the MIG gun neck and is then locked in place at the front and back of the gun while also being concentrically aligned to the contact tip and the power pin. Once locked, the welding operator simply trims the liner flush with the power pin. In addition to accurate trimming, by locking the liner at both ends of the gun, it isn’t able to extend or contract. The result is a smooth wire-feeding path. When a MIG gun’s consumables become overheated, they can be the source of many problems. To prevent consumables from overheating, use the proper wire stickout, mind the gun’s duty cycle and employ the right contact-tip-to-work distance. Any steps that keep consumables cooler will help limit the amount of vibration in the gun and reduce issues with burnback. While a wire stickout that is too long is not desirable, keep in mind that too short of a stickout can result in the nozzle and contact tip being too close to the weld pool causing them to overheat. This impacts productivity by causing burnbacks and wire sticks, and can significantly shorten consumable life. Also, look for consumables with a tapered design, as this helps lock conductive parts together, resulting in less electrical resistance, lower heat and a longer life. Some consumable systems feature a contact tip that is buried in the gas diffuser, which helps reduce overheating.This design also allows the shielding gas flowing through the gun to cool the tail of the contact tip for added protection against overheating. Shortened life of the contact tip and other front-end consumables can also result if a solid ground isn’t in place when MIG welding. Without a solid ground, the arc can become erratic and ultimately cause more heat buildup in the front of the gun. Any problem that creates more heat will also create more resistance and more wear — damaging the contact tip and other front-end consumables and possibly impacting weld quality. To prevent these problems, place the ground cable as close to the workpiece as possible. If allowable, hook the ground cable on the weldment. If that is not feasible, hook it to a bench. But remember: The closer it is to the arc, the better. An erratic arc can also be caused by setting the wrong voltage or the wrong wire feed speed. Setting the voltage too high can create too much heat in the handle of the gun, which in turn can eventually wreak havoc on the contact tip. When the wire feed speed is too fast, it can cause the wire to pile up instead of melting properly into the weld pool. This can also cause burnback or birdnesting. A wire feed speed that is too slow doesn’t feed the weld pool, so there is not proper penetration for a quality weld. Always follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for the proper voltage and wire feed speed for the filler metal and thickness of the base material being welded. Poor power cable management can lead to performance problems and cable damage. To help prevent damage or other issues, don’t pull the welding machine around using the cable. When the gun is hot, everything is more pliable. Yanking or pulling on the cable can stretch the cable or the liner and even cause the conduit to pull away from the gas pin, which can result in shielding gas issues. It’s also important to let the gun cool in a flat position, rather than draping or hanging the cable over a piece of plate or some other object. When a hot gun is draped or hung over something, it can bend the conduit. When the gun and consumables cool, they can be misshapen, leading to marginal shielding gas coverage. Take care to lay the gun out properly to let it cool. Also, be sure to store the gun and cable properly when they aren’t being used to avoid damage that can occur if a cable is run over by a forklift or other heavy equipment. A key step to prevent a MIG gun from overheating is to choose the right gun for the application. Be mindful of the requirements of the job and select a gun with enough duty cycle and amperage capacity. If the application requires you to weld at 300 amps all day and you choose a 200-amp gun with a 30 or 40 percent duty cycle, this gun will not be up to the task. Exceeding the gun’s duty cycle leads to overheating — and doing this frequently will shorten the life of the gun. In addition to choosing a MIG gun that has a high enough amperage rating and duty cycle rating for the job, you can also take breaks to let the gun and consumables cool to help avoid gun overheating. A change in shielding gas can also help reduce the heat produced during welding. If you’re using an argon shielding gas, the higher the percentage of argon, the less cooling the shielding gas provides. However, keep in mind that many applications use argon shielding gas because it provides a cleaner process with much less spatter for reduced cleanup. So while reducing the argon can help the process run cooler, there are other tradeoffs that can impact productivity. Using the wrong type of drive roll or setting improper drive roll tension can also be common causes of erratic or poor wire feeding in MIG welding. Consider the size and type of wire being used and match it to the correct drive roll. Because flux-cored wire is softer — due to the tubular design and flux inside — it requires using a knurled drive roll that has teeth that can grab the wire and help push it through. Knurled drive rolls typically should not be used with solid wire, since the teeth can cause shavings to break off of the wire, clogging the liner and creating resistance in wire feeding. Instead, use U-groove or V-groove drive rolls with solid wire. Setting proper drive roll tension is another important step. Without proper tension, erratic feeding can cause burnback or other issues. To set the proper drive roll tension, start by releasing the drive rolls. Then increase the tension while feeding the wire into your gloved hand until the tension is one half-turn past wire slippage. Always keep the gun as straight as possible to avoid kinking in the cable that could lead to poor wire feeding. Avoiding common mistakes helps you get the best results in MIG welding. It is just as important to properly maintain the MIG gun and consumables, including the contact tip, nozzle and liner. Whenever you change consumables, check that the gas holes in the nozzle are clean and that the seat that holds the contact tip isn’t filled with spatter or debris. A clogged contact tip or nozzle can cause overheating in the gun and handle. Also check frequently that all connections are tight and as concentric as possible. Keeping the gun and cable as straight as possible during welding — and laying them flat to cool — makes for an effective and efficient MIG gun. Follow these tips to minimize downtime, improve productivity and quality, and save money in your MIG welding operation.
Optimizing MIG welding gun performance in specific applications can be a matter of choosing different components for the gun. Selecting the right MIG gun neck improves access to the weld joint, increases operator comfort and can reduce costs in the operation. The biggest factor when choosing a gun neck is to ensure it provides proper access and visibility to the work. In some applications, the weld joint may be difficult to reach, or it may require you to reach down into a groove. A gun neck should provide optimal access to the weld joint — so you can do your best work while maintaining proper ergonomics. In addition to joint accessibility, several other factors play a role in the decision, including the welding process and parameters, the welder’s height and whether the gun has a curved or straight handle. Keep the following considerations in mind to choose the right MIG gun neck for your application. Certain welding processes and filler metals generate much greater heat during welding, so take that into account when choosing a gun neck. Pulsed welding processes, the use of metal-cored wires and even certain materials, including stainless steel and aluminum, all generally create more heat during welding. The welding parameters — including amperage, volts, joint configuration and distance from the welder to the joint — also impact the amount of heat produced and felt by the welder. In applications with high heat, a standard short gun neck can cause the heat to radiate through the glove and into the welder’s hands. It’s recommended to use a longer gun neck in these situations to keep the heat farther away. Another good rule of thumb to remember is the larger the wire diameter being used, the longer the gun neck should be. Standard necks for MIG guns are available in a range of options, with varying angles and material types. • Aluminum armored necks can withstand abuse and offer outstanding heat dissipation. They are typically available in fixed and rotatable styles, and some models require no tools to rotate. These necks, which come in 30-, 45-, 60- and 80-degree angle options, are a good all-purpose choice for many welding applications. • Black polymer armored necks, available in a 60-degree angle, contain a thick copper wall with a conductor tube interior, so they don’t radiate or reflect heat as quickly. This insulation from the heat makes them a good choice for higher-amperage welding applications. Be aware that black polymer armored necks can become brittle and break since the high temperatures, over time, can break down the exterior tube. Choosing between these standard neck options is often a balance of application requirements and welder preference. The same is true for choosing a neck angle. The style of the gun handle, however, is also a determining factor in selecting the right neck angle. When using a curved handle, it’s often more comfortable to use a 60-degree neck than a 45-degree neck. With a straight handle, a 45-degree neck is typically better suited due to natural hand placement. A welder’s height also impacts proper neck angle: A taller welder may want to use a 60-degree neck, while a shorter welder may prefer a 45-degree neck for comfort. A neck coupler is an accessory that allows a flex neck to be added to the top of an existing standard neck. This can be used when a longer neck with flexibility is needed to get into hard-to-reach areas. to-reach or narrow areas. Some flex necks have a bend radius up to 80 degrees. These necks are typically available in 6- and 8-inch lengths for straight and curved handles. Because flex necks can be changed, rotated or bent without tools, this saves time and labor. In applications where a standard neck can’t provide proper access to the weld joint, consider using a flex neck, which can be bent into a desired shape or angle to access hard-to-reach areas. Some flex necks can also be used with an easily removable jump liner for quick changeover. Jump liners replace only the most commonly worn and clogged liner area in the neck bend, to reduce downtime for liner changeover. A jump liner connects the standard liner at the back of the neck and runs through the neck up to the contact tip. Because a jump liner allows for quick and easy neck change-out, the gun can be easily adapted to fit multiple applications. For example, flex necks and rotatable necks are frequently used in shipbuilding. A welder may be in the ship’s hull and need multiple neck styles to access different weld joints. Instead of bringing several welding guns to the work area, a jump liner allows the welder to quickly unscrew one neck and thread another one on without changing or trimming the liner. An operation can also reap cost savings, since jump liners are less expensive than standard liners and quicker to install. When available standard or flex necks don’t provide proper weld joint access, specialty necks can be created. Multiple lengths and bends are available for limited access positions and improved operator comfort. These necks are specially designed by manufacturers to fit the specifications of the application. Because producing a quality weld hinges on optimal access to the joint, in some cases a custom neck can provide the best accuracy and results. Many neck options are available for MIG welding guns, including rotatable, flex, various bend angles and lengths, neck couplers and custom necks. Choosing the right style can improve your comfort and maneuverability — especially with hard-to-access welds. When you’re unable to reach your weld joints comfortably using a standard neck, consider adding a specialty or custom neck to your toolkit.
Limiting exposure to welding fumes is an increasingly important issue for many welding operations, as it provides a cleaner, more comfortable work environment and helps companies stay compliant with changing regulations. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and other safety regulatory bodies set the allowable exposure limits for weld fumes and other particulates, including hexavalent chromium, with the aim of protecting employees against potential health hazards in the workplace. Some companies may choose a centralized fume extraction system designed to protect the entire shop area. However, these systems can be a substantial investment and often require installation of new ductwork. In some welding applications, they are not a feasible or efficient fume extraction option. A fume extraction gun is a viable alternative in certain welding applications, including when the welder is in a tight or confined space or must move often to complete welds on a large part. Welding guns with built-in fume extraction are commonly used in heavy industrial welding, such as truck and trailer, rail car and heavy equipment manufacturing. Fume extraction welding guns capture the fumes generated by the welding process right at the source, over and around the weld pool, and they can be tailored to best meet the needs of a specific application or to welder preferences. Consider these key factors to help choose the right type of fume extraction gun for the job — and learn more about available features that can help improve gun flexibility and performance in certain applications. Fume extraction guns are available in a variety of amperages and handle designs. Common amperages for fume extraction guns range from 300 to 600. Keep in mind that amperage is tied to gun weight. The higher the amperage, the more copper required in the power cable and therefore the heavier the gun will be. Due to this additional weight, use the lowest amperage gun possible that will still allow the job to be completed. Along with the added weight, higher-amperage guns typically cost more than lower-amperage guns, so it may be a waste of money to buy more gun than necessary for the application. However, automatically buying the lightest gun available may not provide the amperage or durability needed for the application. Some lighter and more flexible guns aren’t durable enough for heavy industrial applications. Always consider a gun’s duty cycle rating, and keep in mind that it’s a balancing act between gun weight and durability when choosing a fume extraction gun. Some fume extraction guns on the market offer features and capabilities that help optimize fume capture while also providing benefits for operator comfort and ergonomics, gun performance and ease in producing quality welds. When choosing and configuring a fume extraction gun, consider these options: As with any fume extraction equipment, proper use and maintenance of fume extraction guns is important to achieve optimal results. Operating a fume extraction gun is similar to using a standard MIG gun, with many of the same recommended best practices. However, there are some techniques that welders can follow to help get the best performance from a fume extraction gun: Some fume extraction guns are designed using a common consumable platform, which means any consumables used on a standard MIG gun or even a robotic MIG gun can also be used on a fume extraction gun. When fume gun replacement parts — nozzles, contact tips and gas diffusers — can be the same as those used on standard MIG guns, this offers greater flexibility and helps reduce a company’s consumables inventory. Additionally, it may be important for some companies to choose a fume extraction gun that is compatible with vacuum systems from most major manufacturers. In the right applications, fume extraction guns can help companies maintain compliance with safety regulations and create a cleaner, more comfortable welding environment for employees. When choosing fume extraction guns for MIG welding, look for features and accessories that will provide additional flexibility, time savings and advantages for welder comfort.
A MIG gun liner is an important consumable because it can make a significant difference in gun performance and the time and money an operation spends in unplanned downtime. Proper installation of the liner is critical to its ability to guide the wire through the welding cable and up to the contact tip. Improper liner installation — which includes trimming the liner too short or having a liner that is too long — can result in a number of problems, such as birdnesting, wire feeding issues and increased debris in the liner. These issues can result in costly rework and operator downtime for maintenance and repairs, which impacts productivity. Also, wasted wire due to issues like birdnesting can drive up costs for a company. The installation process is somewhat similar for all types of MIG gun liners, with some variations. Here are some general steps to consider when installing a new MIG gun liner. There are some variances in the installation process, depending on the type of liner being used. Follow these steps when installing a front-loading liner. The only difference in this installation process is that there is no receiver in the back of the power pin. The receiver is built into the module pin. The installation process also varies when retrofitting a gun from a conventional liner to a front-loading liner. Here are a few additional things to remember: The quality of the liner also can impact welding performance, productivity and operator downtime, so it’s important to buy quality liners from a trusted manufacturer. Choosing the correct size of liner for the wire being used is another way to help maximize performance. While liners may seem like a small part of the welding operation, it’s important to be mindful of the impact they can have on quality, performance and costs. Liners perform a vital function in the MIG welding process, and the proper installation and maintenance of liners can help reduce costly rework, operator downtime and wasted wire.
What is ergonomics? While this term has several definitions, its practical meaning is “to adapt a task and work environment to a human.” Despite what some think, the importance of ergonomics far surpasses comfort. A workplace environment or task that causes a welding operator to repetitively reach, move, grip or twist in an unnatural way — or even stay in a static posture for an extended time without proper rest — can do much more than become a literal pain in the neck. Over time, it can lead to repetitive stress injuries with life-long impacts that may even prevent the welding operator from working. People are built with certain limitations, and when the design of work exceeds normal limitations, excessive wear and tear on the body occurs, accelerating damage that can lead to Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) — injury to the muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, nerves and/or spinal discs. Although many welding operators may start with a dull pain that they dismiss as “just getting conditioned” or “tweaking something that will go away,” it can become more intense — and more expensive — and difficult to treat as time goes on. For example, early treatment for pain may require only ice, heat or some anti-inflammatories, and it might cost $200. However, waiting months or years to address the problem could result in invasive treatment and cost thousands of dollars. That is especially true with wrist and shoulder injuries that require surgery. Ergonomics not only protects welding operators from injuries, but it can also improve the productivity and profitability of a welding operation. Stressful postures and motions tend to be inefficient. Lifting boxes from floor level or reaching outward beyond arm’s length, for example, takes extra time. These posture and motions repeated throughout the year by multiple employees can have a significant impact on earnings for the company. By proactively reducing the risk of injury, companies can improve productivity, while also reducing employee absences and eliminating overtime pay for replacement workers who may not be as efficient or proficient. Eliminating stressful postures and motions can also help reduce employee turnover and training costs for replacing welding operators who quickly decide “this job isn’t for me.” According to the Bureau of Labor statistics, WMSDs account for 29 percent of all lost workday injuries and for about 34 percent of all workers’ compensation claims — and they cost employers $20 billion each year in workers’ compensation. Injuries ranging from mild and short-term to serious and chronic can result when the demands of a task do not naturally align with the capabilities of the welding operator. Most WMSDs develop when repetitive micro-traumas occur to the body over time. WMSDs include strains or sprains, which can result in pain, decreased productivity, disability, medical treatment, financial stress and even a change in the quality of life for those affected. The most common symptoms among welding operators are shoulder pain, range of motion loss and reduced muscle strength. The most common injuries for welding operators include back and shoulder injuries, wrist injuries (such as tendinitis) and various knee joint disorders. Today WMSDs are the fastest-growing disorder in the aging workforce because these illnesses have developed over time, before welding operations were as aware of them as they are today. As a result, there is the potential for an increase in claims costs in the coming 10 years as welding operators seek treatment. There are three primary risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing WMSD injuries: 1) Highly repetitive tasks that keep an operator in a static posture for too long or use the same motion over and over, such as pulling a MIG gun trigger. 2) Tasks that require an operator to apply significant force or pressure, such as pushing, pulling or heavy lifting. 3) Poor or awkward postures, such as bent wrists or necks tilted backward. In addition, environmental conditions such as extreme temperatures can also contribute to the development of WMSDs. Personal risk factors that increase the likelihood of incurring WMSDs include physical conditioning, pre-existing health problems, gender, age, work techniques and stressful hobbies. Some common welding postures that are considered awkward and stressful include kneeling, squatting, torso twisting, leaning on a hard surface, holding the arms away from the body or above shoulder height for long periods of time, hunching or bending over, and looking upward too long. In general, the best postures are those that are as close to neutral as possible — a natural position that the body would rest in if it were not doing anything. The use of proven ergonomic principles can dramatically improve the way a welding operator performs a task, thereby reducing the exposure to risk factors and simultaneously increasing productivity. A simple work station adjustment or the use of different tools can make a big difference on an operator’s long-term health and wellbeing, as well as on the company’s bottom line. For example, operators who weld with pistol grip tools, such as a welding gun, and use their finger to apply pressure for an extended length of time can develop “trigger finger.” This problem can be easily resolved by using a welding gun with a locking trigger. Welding operators should position their work between the waist and shoulders, whenever possible, to ensure they are working in a close to a neutral posture. Achieving this posture may mean using work stools or height-adjustable chairs, as well as lifting tables and rotational clamps or other material-positioning equipment. All these solutions can reduce awkward postures and allow employees to work in more neutral positions. Welding guns with rear swivels on the power cable can help reduce the stress of repetitive motions. Different combinations of handle angles, neck angles and neck lengths can also keep an operator’s wrists in a neutral position. In some cases, a welding gun with a rotatable neck can help the welding operator more easily reach a joint, with less strain on the body. Manipulators, lighter-weight welding guns, lighter power cables with low stiffness and cable supporting balancers can also be invaluable. Remember, the working height of a welding operator’s hands should typically be at elbow height or slightly below. The engineering controls described above are effective because they reduce or eliminate risk factors in the workplace. Administrative control measures, such as job rotation and stretching programs, can also be used to reduce the exposure time for welding operators or at least prepare their bodies for the work-related stress. An effective and sustainable ergonomics process provides a structured approach to reducing risk in the workplace and preventing WMDs over the long-term. It typically includes: 1) A formal ergonomics risk assessment process to identify and prioritize high- risk work. 2) A structured task analysis process to define the causes of the risk factors, leading to the development of practical engineering controls. 3) An action plan developed by management stakeholders to set expectations and allocate resources for ergonomics in the workplace. 4) An ergonomics team trained to implement the ergonomics process and empowered to implement the action plan. 5) A formal process for developing, implementing and validating ergonomics solutions for high-risk tasks. 6) Ergonomics training for management, supervisors, the ergonomics team and other production staff members. Once an ergonomics solution has been implemented, it is important to provide frequent reinforcement to the welding operators to ensure that the solution is utilized effectively. It can be difficult, initially, for a welding operator to get comfortable with new work practices if the job has been done a specific way for years. Therefore, it is important for welding operators to use any new welding gun and implement new best practices for at least 30 days. At that point, they can provide valid feedback on how well the new equipment or practices work for them. After all, gaining the benefits of proper ergonomics is only possible if they are used and the welding operator also sees the results. In the end, the goal is to secure the safety of the welding operator, which requires an active commitment on the part of both the individual and management. Gaining the benefit of ergonomics is a team effort — one that ultimately provides a comfortable work environment, leads to a more productive and profitable welding operation, and provides for the long-term health of the welding operator.
For many fabricators, the choice between an air-cooled and water-cooled robotic MIG welding gun is easy. Their heavy-duty applications simply demand a water-cooled model due to the high amperage and duty cycle requirements of the job — an air-cooled gun would overheat and fail prematurely under such conditions. In the right application, a water-cooled robotic MIG gun can often prove beneficial by minimizing downtime, increasing productivity and reducing consumable costs. These guns typically have higher duty cycles than air-cooled models and operate at higher amperages, which means they can run for longer periods of time. Still, deciding whether an operation would benefit from converting to a water-cooled MIG gun involves a careful analysis of several factors. In addition to considering the amperage requirements and duty cycle, a fabricator should consider the upfront costs, potential return on investment (ROI) and the specific application. For example, some fabricators may choose a water-cooled robotic MIG gun because of the length of their welds — they need a long arc-on time to produce long welds, which generates more heat in the gun. Similarly, critical start-and-stop points along a longer weld joint typically require a gun that can handle extended weld times. The weld joint design and type or thickness of the material can also help determine whether to switch to a water-cooled MIG gun. For instance, heavy plate sections that have been preheated can generate substantial radiant heat that impacts how well a gun cools, and can adversely affect the life of the front-end consumables. In this scenario, a water-cooled gun would be better suited for the job. When deciding whether a water-cooled robotic MIG gun is the best choice for an application, it’s important to keep in mind some maintenance and replacement costs. While a water-cooled gun costs more upfront, there is the possibility to conduct maintenance on each individual component within the cable assembly (e.g. water lines, gas hose, etc). However, an air-cooled cable combines all its components into one common part and if any single component fails, the entire cable needs to be replaced, resulting in higher replacement costs. It is necessary to weigh those factors against each other. Welding guns — whether air or water-cooled — must stay cool to protect the power cable, gun body, neck and consumables from heat damage during welding. That heat takes three forms: radiant heat from the arc; resistive heat from the electrical components in the welding circuit; and reflective heat from the welded part, particularly aluminum or preheated parts. Whereas an air-cooled MIG gun relies on the ambient air, shielding gas and arc-off time to dissipate heat, a traditional water-cooled robotic MIG gun circulates a coolant from a radiator unit through cooling hoses inside the power cable and into the gun body and neck. The coolant then returns to the radiator, where the radiator’s baffling system releases the heat absorbed by the coolant. There are also guns available on the market today that cool only the front of the gun, where heat is generated, and still use an air-cooled cable. Air-cooled MIG guns also use much thicker copper cables and inner neck tubes, whereas water-cooled robotic MIG guns use much less copper in the power cables and thinner wall sections in the necks because the coolant carries away the resistive heat before it builds. Water-cooled MIG guns, however, do have multiple inner lines that run through the neck to the front-end consumables, making this portion of the gun heavier than an air-cooled neck. There are three key indicators that signify a welding operation could benefit from converting to a water-cooled MIG gun: 1. Excessive consumable usage All these factors are interconnected, because if the weld is too hot, excessive consumable usage and gun temperature will automatically result. In general, water-cooled robotic MIG guns are most beneficial for high-amperage applications and are typically available in 350 to 600 amp models. Closely related to amperage is duty cycle, which refers to the amount of time during a 10-minute cycle that the gun can operate at its rated capacity without overheating. Water-cooled robotic MIG guns have varying duty cycle capacities depending on the manufacturer and model. It is important to make the appropriate comparison during the selection process, as some guns may be rated at either 60% or 100% duty cycle, which results in different amperage ratings. Fabricators who plan to change from an air-cooled to a water-cooled robotic MIG gun should follow these three steps to help ensure a smooth conversion. Match the existing tool center point (TCP) and approach angle. Be sure to have access to all the weld joints with the new water-cooled MIG gun. Make sure that the tooling will work with the new system. The gun may require a special neck or special mounting arm to achieve the desired TCP. Often, converting to a water-cooled gun will require a new mounting arm and insulating disk to maintain or achieve a specific TCP while changing the dimensions of the neck itself to create better access. Ensure overall clearance. A 3-D simulator can help determine whether all parts of the new system will clear all tooling or any other obstructions. In addition to having front-end clearance and access – once installed, it’s important that the gun body and cable bundle fits properly to avoid getting caught on tooling or other equipment. Get a water cooler. It is necessary to invest in a radiator for the new water-cooled robotic MIG gun. Ensure that the water-cooler has been installed and maintained, as per the manufacturer’s specifications. Because all the lines and hoses in a water-cooled robotic MIG gun are separate, it is possible to conduct maintenance on individual components if they become damaged. However, due to the lines being internal to the gun, it is difficult to perform preventive maintenance on them. There are options though to care for a water-cooled gun. As with an air-cooled MIG gun, it’s important to inspect a water-cooled robotic MIG gun to ensure that all consumables and connections are tight and working properly. Inspect the water lines frequently to make sure they are tight and have no leaks, and replace the O-rings when necessary (e.g. when cracks or wear appears). Ensure there is a flow switch installed in the return line from the gun and the radiator to indicate any leaks within the system — this component will save time and money in the event of a failure. Using a reamer or nozzle cleaning station adds significant benefits to the preventive maintenance of water-cooled robotic MIG guns. A reamer eliminates the need to manually clean out the front-end consumables and can, with the addition of an automated sprayer, add anti-spatter compound to help further extend consumable life. This feature adds to the overall cost of the equipment, but it helps increase uptime for production since there is less manual intervention. The ROI is typically worth it. It is important to always use the correct coolant — do not fall prey to the notion that it is cheaper to use tap water in a water-cooled gun. Doing so can cause algae growth or mineral build-up and, eventually, lead to costly clogging. Instead, use deionized water or the specially treated coolant solution recommended by the manufacturer. These coolants contain special additives to lubricate internal pumps and O-rings, as well as to prevent algae growth. Although converting to a water-cooled robotic MIG gun is often more of a necessity than a choice (because the application demands it), this type of gun has its value. Applying a water-cooled gun to the appropriate application can result in a more efficient system performance and lower overall operating costs. Consider the various costs, specific application needs and joint accessibility to determine whether a water-cooled robotic MIG gun is the best option for the specific robotic application — and don’t hesitate to consult a trusted welding distributor, welding equipment manufacturer or robotic welding system integrator with questions.
Companies invest in robotic welding systems to improve productivity and gain efficiencies in their operation. But if the weld cell layout is not optimized, it can negatively impact those goals — along with the quality of the completed welds. Poor cell layout can create a bottleneck in the process or result in parts not being properly welded —problems that cost time and money in the long term. When considering proper layout for a robotic weld cell — whether it’s a pre-engineered cell or a custom cell —gun and consumable selection, robot reach, parts flow in and out of the cell, and weld sequencing are all important. Proper weld cell layout is important for both pre-engineered robotic welding systems or a custom-designed system. Determining which option is right hinges on several factors. A pre-engineered robotic welding cell is designed for welding specific parts in a certain size range. Pre-engineered cells offer benefits for easy and fast installation and a much lower first cost, but they do have their limitations regarding the type and size of parts that can be welded. Part size is often the key determining factor when choosing between the two systems. If there isn’t a pre-engineered weld cell available to fit the parts — perhaps there is a reach or weight capacity issue — then a custom robotic weld cell is the better option. Custom cells have a higher initial cost and typically a longer lead time for design and installation, but the upside is they can be customized to meet specific needs. When installing either type of robotic weld cell, the system integrator should be involved in planning and testing to ensure cell layout is optimized for the application. Having the right gun is a critical factor that can help reduce or eliminate the sources of common problems in the weld cell. Gun choice should not be an afterthought in robotic welding applications. The gun must have proper access and be able to maneuver around fixturing in the weld cell. Different choices in gun types and in consumables can help in achieving this. Robotic welding systems are available in two styles: through-arm or conventional. Through-arm systems are gaining popularity, and most through-arm robots allow for mounting either type of gun — providing more options and flexibility depending upon the needs of the application. As the name suggests, the power cable assembly of a through-arm MIG gun runs through the arm of the robot as opposed to over the top of it like in a conventional gun. Because of this design, the through-arm gun style is often more durable, since the power cable is protected. However, because conventional guns can be used on either type of system — a through-arm or a conventional robot — they can sometimes offer greater flexibility, and can be used with more robot makes and models. Consider which type of gun provides the best access to the welds when making the selection. With conventional robotic welding systems especially, proper cable management is important. Once the hardware is installed and the system is set up — but before full production begins — be sure to do a test run or two through the welding sequence to determine how the gun cable moves and if it gets caught on tooling. Another choice in selecting a gun is air-cooled versus water-cooled. This essentially comes down to the required duty cycle. The base material thickness, weld length and wire size all help determine the necessary duty cycle. Water-cooled guns are typically used in manufacturing heavy equipment and in the case of long cycle times and large wire diameters. Once the system type and gun is chosen, it’s all about proper fit and function of the gun. It’s critical to ensure the robot arm can access all the welds — ideally in one position with one neck if possible. If not, different neck sizes, lengths and angles — and even custom necks — as well as different consumables or mounting arms can be used to improve weld access. The choice of nozzle is another important consideration, since it can greatly hinder or improve access to the weld in a robotic cell. If a standard nozzle is not providing the necessary access, consider making a change. Nozzles are available in varying diameters, lengths and tapers to improve joint access. While many companies like to choose a nozzle with the smallest outside diameter available, it may be necessary to size the nozzle up to avoid spatter buildup and loss of shielding gas coverage. A nozzle with a 5/8-inch bore or larger is recommended because it allows the most access. Choosing the right gun is tied closely to proper weld cell layout — since different sizes and lengths of guns and nozzles can improve or hinder reach to the welds. However, there are also many other factors involved in proper weld cell layout. Think of weld cell layout as the footprint of the entire process. Some important issues to keep in mind: Weld cell layout and the chosen components that fit inside have a significant impact on productivity, efficiency and quality of the finished welds. Weld cell layout that is not optimized can even harm the tooling or consumables, and result in increased time and money spent on maintenance and repair. Protect the robotic weld cell investment by taking the time at the start of the process to test proper cell layout and equipment — to help ensure the end results and productivity gains being sought. The fabrication and manufacturing industries continue to experience demands for greater productivity, increased efficiencies and higher cost savings — often times with less labor to support the efforts. Every improvement companies can make to achieve these goals is beneficial, from offering more operator training to implementing lean practices. Managing MIG guns and consumables that meet the needs of multiple applications is also an important element in achieving those goals, both from an inventory perspective and as a matter of eliminating unnecessary downtime. There are rarely, if ever, welding operations that require only one type of MIG gun or a single consumable. In fact, it’s not uncommon for many companies to have multiple MIG guns and consumables in use as a routine part of their daily operations, especially within the automotive manufacturing and pressure vessel industries. Automakers, for example, often have handheld and automation weld cells all in the same building. Similarly, welding operators working on different-sized pressure vessels may have a 1,500 gallon tank being welded together with a larger, higher-amperage MIG gun, while welding operators are fabricating a smaller tank nearby with much smaller, lighter-duty MIG gun. Understanding how to pair the best gun and consumable with the job can pay off in workflow and cost savings, and help improve the quality of completed welds. In addition, minimizing the part numbers for MIG guns and consumables can simplify inventory, which ultimately saves time for management and saves storage space. It can save time during the welding process, too. In the shipbuilding industry, for instance, welding operators move around frequently so they do not have the capacity to swap out MIG guns to address multiple applications. Instead, they often standardize on one type of MIG gun and swap out the necks, installed with a jump liner that replaces the front part of the liner system (the rest seats in the power cable). Doing so allows them to keep the same gun for the job, while gaining access to a new joint with the appropriate neck length or configuration. Below are five tips to help streamline welding operations and remain competitive by managing MIG guns and consumables effectively. Using fewer power cable lengths throughout an operation is possible when there is a difference of two or three feet between each application. For example, it may be possible to standardize on a 15-foot cable for weld cells that need this or a slightly shorter length — without causing issues with kinking of poor wire feeding. Doing so minimizes inventory and storage space requirements. It also takes away the guesswork when it comes to replacing this part of the MIG gun, as it eliminates the risk that a welding operator or maintenance employee will install the wrong length power cable on a MIG gun. 2. Choose one type of liner, when possible. There are different styles of liners available for MIG guns, including steel liners, D-wound liners or Teflon® liners. Teflon liners are well-suited for wires that are difficult to feed, including stainless steel or aluminum. Standardizing liner types across multiple weld cells, when possible, can reduce downtime for changeover and costs for inventory. Always make sure the liner is properly installed; otherwise, problems like birdnesting and feeding issues can result. 3. Use the same contact tips, even across semi-automatic and robotic weld cells. Use one type of contact tip across applications whenever possible. For companies that have both robotic and semi-automatic welding operations, common consumables can be especially helpful to streamline processes and inventory — while also reducing costs. It is not uncommon in robotic welding applications for welding operators to change contact tips long before they become worn, as it helps ensure that there is minimal downtime for problems associated with failures. These contact tips, however, still have life in them and can be used on semi-automatic MIG guns to reduce part numbers and count in inventory, and overall costs. It can also reduce confusion as to which contact tips to use across the welding operations. Too many different types of contact tips, for instance, can be confusing and can lead to a welding operator using the wrong parts on the wrong MIG guns. That misstep can bring production to a slowdown or a halt. 4. Adapt the power pin. It is not uncommon for companies to have multiple types and brands of power feeders throughout the welding operation. When possible, standardizing the power pin used in every MIG gun, via an adaptor at the feeder, can help streamline the management of various power pins to match these feeders. If a company also has various types or brands of MIG guns, an adapter can also help with gun standardization. The guns can be ordered with the same power pin and plugged into any wire feeder throughout the facility, again streamlining ordering and inventory, and minimizing costs. 5. Review MIG gun amperage and select one to streamline. In some instances, it may be possible to use the same amperage of MIG gun for multiple applications. For example, if 200 amp and 300 amp guns are both part of the inventory, using 300 amp guns in each cell can make it easier to manage inventory. It can also help prevent the potential for overheating if a smaller gun is accidentally used in place of a larger, higher-amperage one for a higher duty cycle job.
A robotic MIG welding system contains many components that impact the quality of the parts it welds, its productivity and the overall operational costs. Among those, the robotic MIG gun neck plays a larger role than may first be apparent. Why? The durability of the gun neck — and especially its ability to withstand impacts — is important for maintaining tool center point (TCP). An accurate TCP provides consistency and repeatability from part to part, and is key to the system’s ability to maintain weld positions, especially in assembly line welding where new parts are continually entering the weld cell. A productive and efficient robotic welding system places welds in the same place every time. To achieve this, the MIG gun neck needs to stay in its expected position. A weak neck that easily bends during routine welding can lead to TCP problems over time, as can rough handling of the neck during consumable changeover. Issues with TCP can lead to additional spatter or missed welds, causing rework or scrapped parts. These cost time and money in lost productivity and in wasted parts. An inaccurate TCP can also cause the neck to crash into parts or tooling, potentially leading to damage and unplanned downtime. When selecting a robotic MIG gun neck, look for durable, high quality materials and robust construction. The goal is to have a neck that is strong enough to withstand minor crashes without bending. In addition, be certain there is a solid connection from the neck to the gun, and from the gun to the mounting arm in a conventional system or to the robot itself in a through-arm system. Any play in the system can negatively impact TCP. Neck durability varies, depending on if the application uses an air-cooled or a water-cooled robotic MIG gun. Some applications require water-cooled guns to protect the gun and the neck in high-temperature continuous welding; however, these guns tend to be less durable in a crash than air-cooled gun necks due to the internal soldering of copper and brass lines for the water passages. Air-cooled guns typically feature copper tubes covered with insulation and aluminum, making them stronger and more able to resist an impact. Some manufacturers offer a hybrid air/water-cooled robotic MIG gun, in which the water lines run external to the neck. This type of gun tends to have a stronger neck, like an air-cooled gun, which makes it more tolerant to crashes. However, it is important to ensure the water lines do not hit tooling or parts, which can negatively affect TCP or create leaks. Some key best practices can help protect the neck and provide consistent TCP. 1. All robotic welding systems require a form of collision detection to prevent damage to both the robotic MIG gun and the robot arm in the event of an impact. Some robotic systems incorporate robot collision detection software. Systems that do not have built-in collision detection should always be paired with a clutch — an electronic component that attaches to the gun to protect it and the robot from heavy damage in the event of a collision. 2. Another key peripheral is a neck inspection fixture, which verifies that the gun’s neck is set to the intended TCP and allows the neck to be readjusted after a collision or if it becomes bent during routine welding. If neck adjustment is needed, the welding operator simply adjusts the neck to meet the proper specifications. This prevents costly rework due to missed weld joints and can reduce downtime to reprogram the robot to meet the welding specifications with a bent neck. 3. Having spare necks ready helps gets the system back online quickly. The welding operator need only remove the bent neck in the event of a crash and exchange it with a spare one. The damaged neck can be set aside for inspection later, minimizing interruption to the weld cycle. 4. Choose a high-quality reamer to avoid potential damage to the gun or neck. A reamer, or nozzle cleaning station, removes spatter from the nozzle and clears away the debris that accumulates in the diffuser during welding. A high-quality reamer securely holds the gun in place during the ream cycle, which reduces the risk of bending the neck and compromising TCP. 5. Proper neck and consumable installation and ongoing maintenance are important. Make sure to tighten these components to factory specifications. When changing consumables, remove them with the right tools to avoid bending the gun neck. In many cases, a robotic welding system can provide a competitive edge — offering greater productivity, quality and cost savings. Take care to protect the MIG gun neck, and follow best practices for setup and maintenance, to help ensure the system maintains optimal TCP and the operation experiences minimal downtime.
The liners used in a robotic gas metal arc welding (GMAW) gun play a significant role in the productivity, cost and quality in your automated welding operation, alongside other consumables such as the nozzle, retaining head (or gas diffuser) and contact tip. Liners run the length of the robotic welding gun and power cable — from the contact tip to the power pin — and act as the conduit through which the wire is fed. A poorly installed liner can lead to problems with bird-nesting and excessive debris in the liner, which can both cause wire feeding issues that lead to downtime — the enemy of any robotic welding operation. For this reason, it is imperative to select the right liner for the wire type and diameter being used and to trim it to the proper length.
In robotic MIG welding applications, minimizing downtime is key. It reduces costs and improves efficiencies to help an operation meet its production goals. Gaining the best performance, in part, depends on the equipment being used. Having the right robotic MIG gun and power cable, for example, is critical. There are several factors to consider when determining the right gun style and cable length for the application. Prioritizing these are important, as using the wrong length cable can cause problems ranging from premature cable failure to poor wire feeding. Before selecting the power cable length, first consider whether a conventional gun or a through-arm robotic gun is best-suited for the application. Each style has its advantages and limitations. Through-arm robotic welding systems have become more common, as more equipment manufacturers develop this style compared to conventional robots. Through-arm robotic welding systems, however, allow for the mounting of either a through-arm gun or a conventional one. In some applications, the latter is the better choice. When choosing between the two, consider the available space and weld cell layout, joint access and the type of material being welded. Conventional guns can often access joints better and/or maneuver around tooling or fixturing that a through-arm gun can’t reach. Conventional guns can also be less expensive and faster to install, although they do require proper cable management. They also require more space, so they aren’t typically the best choice in smaller weld cells. Through-arm guns work well in applications where deep access to the part or fixture is necessary. Since they don’t have a mounting arm and take up less space, they also offer advantages in smaller weld cells. The design of the gun —with the power cable assembly running through the arm of the robot —manages excess cable slack, which typically helps them last longer than a conventional power cable. Selecting the proper cable length is critical for both types of guns and numerous factors impact the choice. These include wire feeder, the make and model of the robot, and robot articulation. Having the right cable length helps prevent problems with wire feeding that can lead to downtime and unnecessary labor and/or part costs to address the issue. The wrong cable can further increase costs and downtime due to premature cable failure. When using a conventional gun, a cable that is too short causes tension, which can result in components prematurely breaking down in the cable assembly. It can also cause the clutch or the robot to overload, which will send a collision detection signal that stops the robot — resulting in unnecessary downtime. A cable that is too long is also a problem, because it can get caught on tooling or result in extra weight that bogs down the mounting arm – potentially overloading the clutch. With a through-arm gun, a too-short cable with visible tension also causes problems. Choose a cable that allows some slack for the robot arm to move around. But remember, too much slack can be as problematic as too little slack. When choosing proper cable length for a through-arm gun, it’s important to know the robot make and model, the feeder make and model, and the measurements of the system. If any nonstandard equipment or tooling is mounted to the face of the robot, such as a gripper or a camera, this changes the thickness of the plate and therefore impacts the necessary cable length, requiring it to be longer. It is also important to know where the wire feeder is mounted relative to the robot casting to ensure proper cable length. Much of the same information is needed in choosing the right cable length for a conventional gun: robot make and model, feeder make and model. In addition, consider where the feeder is mounted on the robot or even remotely, as both will affect cable length. For both types of guns, the feeder should be adjusted each time the cable is replaced to manage cable slack properly. Failing to properly adjust the wire feeder can result in a cable that is too tight or long for the given application, causing premature failure and potential damage to the robot or wire feeder. Fixing these issues at the start of the process can help avoid much greater downtime and costs later. Following some best practices can help extend power cable life, reduce downtime and improve productivity. Many of the best practices are related to the programming of the automated welding system. Oftentimes, cables fail because they were set up to fail — the system is asking too much of the cable. Make sure the robot doesn’t articulate too far in either direction, to avoid placing excess stress on the cable, whether it is a conventional or through-arm robotic gun. It’s also important to limit the movements of axis five (bending) and axis six (rotation) to help extend cable life. The joints of the robot get smaller as they move from the base to the wrist. Use the larger joints nearer to the base as much as possible and rely on the smaller joints only when necessary to reach the weldment. In addition, employ a cable management system when using a conventional gun to ensure there isn’t too much slack in the cable. With too much slack, the cable will rub on anything around it and possibly catch on fixturing. When a robot moves at production speed, it can break the cable or fixture. Cable management systems can take the form of a recoil with an adjustment knob and pulley that allows the maintenance personnel or welding operator to adjust the position (length) and tension of the power cable. When using a through-arm gun, choose a rotating power cable connection to reduce the stress on the system. Conventional style unicables typically come with a crimped or solid connection, which limits rotational capabilities and produces torsional stress on the cable. Unlike conventional unicables, a power cable that incorporates a rotating power connection allows for stress-free rotation — and can ensure a longer cable life. Without the right equipment — and proper system programming — downtime can cost significant time and money in robotic welding applications. Take care upfront to choose the right equipment, including the gun and power cable, to save time and money in the long run and keep the operation running smoothly.
When choosing the right MIG gun for a semi-automatic welding application, there are many factors to consider — from the material being welded and the filler metal type to the weld cell layout and expected arc-on time. Customizing a MIG gun for the specific needs of the application, in addition to choosing the proper consumables, can pay off in greater productivity, better comfort and improved quality in the completed welds. There are easy-to-use tools, such as online configurators, available to help users customize a MIG gun. In addition, keep some key factors in mind to help configure a gun that best suits the application needs. Customizing a MIG gun offers numerous benefits compared to using a standard gun out of the box. Customization can maximize efficiency and productivity in a welding operation, and provide greater comfort — which can improve safety and offer longer arc-on time. Essentially, customization ensures that the welding operator has the exact MIG gun for the application. Also, some standard MIG guns may require extra time for assembly right out of the box or require extra components be added before welding can begin. This is not the case with customized MIG guns, which are ready for welding immediately. Customizing a MIG gun can be viewed as a pre-emptive strike against issues or challenges that otherwise would add time and money to a welding operation. To choose or customize the right MIG gun, look at several aspects of the welding operation. Like a decision tree, one answer impacts the next choice. First, consider the type and thickness of the base material, since both impact the filler metal selection. Once the material and filler metal are known, these dictate the welding parameters for the application. Understanding the welding parameters is important because the gun selected must meet the amperage and voltage requirements. While it’s important to choose a gun with enough amperage for the job, the larger the gun, the heavier it is, which impacts operator comfort. Next, think about the expected arc-on time and length of the welds. In addition to impacting the necessary amperage of the gun, these factors also play a role in ergonomics. For example, what length of gun is best for the physical space and length of the welds, and what handle style does the operator prefer? These factors come together in building the right gun for the job. The physical space of the welding cell is also an important factor. If there are fixtures or jigs to work around, consider these when configuring the gun and selecting consumables. For example, space limitations in the welding cell can impact cable length — the goal is always to have the shortest cable possible that still meets the needs of the application to avoid unnecessary coiling. The length and bend angle of the gun neck are also factors based on the available workspace and joint access. Remember, it is easier to make design choices like these up front rather than make changes to the gun after it’s purchased. Also consider if the application requires table welding or out-of-position welds. For flat welds at a table, the operator may repeat the same motion over and over. In this case, comfort and repeatability is key and a gun with a shorter cable can likely be used, which helps reduce overall weight. For out-of-position welds, the operator may need to move around a lot to complete the welds. Choosing a longer cable is helpful. Be aware, however, that a cable that is too long can be a tripping hazard for the operator or it can curl and tangle, causing wire feeding issues. There are two main options when choosing a MIG gun cable: steel mono-coil or industrial-grade cables. Industrial-grade cables are more commonly used. Steel mono-coil cables are well-suited for heavy-duty applications in harsh environments. These cables offer more rigidity and support to minimize feeding issues in applications where the wire must travel through a longer cable. Steel mono-coil cables are also used in applications where there is a risk they may get run over by equipment, such as a forklift. Cable lengths can vary greatly — from 10 feet to 25 feet or longer. While a longer cable may be necessary in applications that require the operator to move around, again, try to use the shortest cable possible that will get the job done. Smaller filler metal wire sizes typically call for a shorter cable, since it’s more difficult to push a smaller wire over a greater length. As wire size increases, the cable length can also increase. Deciding the best gun neck and handle choices for the application depends on several factors, including operator preference and comfort, as well as weld cell space limitations or fixtures. The type of filler metal being used also plays a role. For example, necks with less bend reduce the chances for bird-nesting or other feeding issues with thicker wires and softer wires. Neck options are available with bends ranging from 30 degrees up to 80 degrees for applications where an extreme angle is needed to reach the weld joint. The choice of neck angle is often tied to the style of gun handle being used. Gun handles are available in straight or curved options, and the decision typically comes down to operator preference. For a straight-handled gun, a neck with a 60-degree bend is a frequent choice, whereas pairing a curved-handled gun with a 45-degree neck is a popular combination. Gun necks are also available in fixed or rotatable options. A rotatable neck makes it easier for the operator to change angles to access the weld joint without having to change out the gun. Straight handles are often paired with fixed necks, while curved handles are often paired with rotatable necks. Other features, such as trigger locking on the handle, which eliminates the need to hold the trigger during welding and increases comfort, can also be added when choosing the gun neck and handle. The bottom line: Choose the option that makes it easiest and most comfortable for the operator to reach the weld joint. Some MIG gun configuration tools also allow users to choose specific styles or types of consumables. Consumables must be able to handle the amperage of the application; some higher amperage applications may require heavy-duty consumables. Inventory management may be another factor — selecting the same consumables across multiple weld cells, when possible, is typically more convenient and cost-effective. The three key consumables to consider are contact tips, nozzles and liners. Consider the challenges or needs of a specific welding application — and the preferences of the welding operator — when selecting the right MIG gun for the job. A customized MIG gun can improve operator comfort, extend the longevity of consumables and offer greater productivity and efficiency in the operation.
An overheated MIG gun can result in downtime, wasted consumables and lower productivity — costing a company more time and money than necessary. Gun overheating can be a symptom of numerous problems, and it can result in catastrophic failure if ignored. Being aware of the common signs and causes of MIG gun overheating can help prevent or quickly remedy the problem. An overheated MIG gun can result in downtime, wasted consumables and lower productivity — costing a company more time and money than necessary. Always know the gun’s amperage and duty cycle rating and the parameters of the welding application. This information tells you how long a specific gun can be used and under what conditions. Gun manufacturers test and rate their products to prevent overheating. A gun’s assigned rating reflects the temperatures above which the handle or cable becomes uncomfortably warm — not the point at which the gun risks damage or failure. In addition, specific duty cycles are tested for each gun, such as 100 percent duty cycle with 100 percent carbon dioxide (CO2) or a 60 percent duty cycle with a mixed shielding gas (CO2/Argon). Most manufacturers list the amperage-to-duty-cycle ratios in product literature, so research a gun’s rating before purchasing. There are signs that may indicate the MIG gun is overheating. In addition to knowing the signs of gun overheating, it is important to understand the common causes that lead to it. Knowing the warning signs of gun overheating can help prevent the costly downtime. In applications where the gun is frequently overheating, it may be necessary to switch to heavier-duty consumables or use a larger capacity gun. Implementing some best practices can also help reduce the occurrence of MIG gun overheating — to help you maximize productivity and savings.
In welding, poor wire feeding is a common challenge — one that can be extremely costly for an operation and take a toll on productivity. From the downtime for troubleshooting to faster wear and replacement of consumables, wire feeding issues such as bird-nesting, burnback and liner clogging can have a significant impact on the bottom line. There are many potential causes of poor or erratic wire feeding. It can stem from the style or size of liner being used, the contact tip size, the gun and whether it’s coiled, or other factors. While finding the cause of the problem can be complicated, wire feeding issues often have simple solutions. To best troubleshoot the problem, start by checking for possible issues in the wire feeder and then work toward the front of the gun to the contact tip. There are numerous issues related to the equipment that can cause erratic wire feeding. If the drive rolls don’t move when the gun trigger is pulled, this could be a feeder relay malfunction or a broken relay. Consult the feeder manufacturer in this case. No response when pulling the gun trigger could also stem from a broken control lead. Control leads can be easily tested with a multimeter to see if a new cable is needed. In applications where an adapter is used to connect the gun to the feeder, a poor adapter connection could also be the source of wire feeding problems. Check the adapter with a multimeter and replace it if it’s malfunctioning. Multimeters can also be used to check trigger switches, which can cause feeding issues if they are worn, dirty or damaged from the gun being dropped. In addition, an improper guide tube installation or an improper wire guide diameter can also cause wire feeding issues. The guide tube is used between the power pin and the drive rolls — typically when there is an adapter being used on the feeder — as a way to keep the wire feeding properly from the drive rolls into the gun. Be sure to use the proper size of guide tube, adjust the guides as close to the drive rolls as possible and eliminate any gaps in the wire path to avoid feeding issues. Wire guides are used between the two sets of drive rolls inside the feeder, guiding the wire from one drive roll to the next. These must be properly sized for the wire to avoid problems with wire feeding. The use of incorrect drive rolls can be another common source of erratic or poor wire feeding. When it comes to selecting the right drive rolls, there are several best practices to keep in mind for successful wire feeding. Drive roll size: Drive roll size should match wire size — a .035-inch wire needs to be paired with .035-inch drive rolls. Drive roll style: Choosing the right drive roll style depends on the type of wire being used. The types of drive rolls – V-knurled, U-knurled, V-groove and U-groove – offer pros and cons depending on the wire type. A solid wire is typically used with smooth drive rolls, for example, while a U-shaped drive roll in smooth or knurled tends to work better for flux-cored and metal-cored wires. For context, the groove term refers to the geometry of the shape in the drive roll while the knurled term references the finish inside the groove. Drive roll tension: Setting the proper drive roll tension is important to ensure pressure on the wire is sufficient to push it through without changing its shape or fracturing it, leading to poor wire feeding. Worn drive rolls: Inspect drive rolls every time a new spool of wire is put on, and replace them as needed. An additional note on drive roll styles: take care when setting the tension on knurled drive rolls with cored wires. While the teeth of the drive rolls can help push the wire through, setting the tension too high can result in the teeth fracturing the thin column of the wire, causing bird-nesting in the feeder. When using knurled drive rolls with solid wires, which is sometimes acceptable, proper tension adjustment is critical. There should be enough tension to push the wire through the cable, but too much tension will cause the knurled teeth to dig into the wire and create shavings that can clog the liner. In applications where the welding operator is having trouble feeding cored wire, it can be helpful to use a U-shaped smooth drive roll on top with a U-shaped or V-shaped knurled drive roll on the bottom. The teeth on the bottom drive roll can help push the wire through, while the smooth drive roll on top helps protect the wire shape. Liner issues are among the most frequent causes of wire feeding problems. Here are some things to check: Liner length: A liner that is cut to an incorrect length can cause wire feeding issues, wire chatter, an erratic arc and/or burnbacks. Using a liner gauge can help when trimming the liner. There are also consumables that lock the liner in place (after loading it through the gun’s neck) at the front and back of the gun while concentrically aligning it to the contact tip and power pin. The liner is then trimmed flush with the power pin at the back of the gun. There is no need to measure. This type of system provides a flawless wire-feeding path. Liner size: Using the wrong size liner for the wire can also cause feeding issues. It’s recommended to use a liner that is slightly larger than the diameter of the wire to provide more room for the wire to feed through the liner. Because welding wire is coiled, it tends to corkscrew its way through the liner as it unspools. If the liner isn’t large enough, it takes more force to push the wire through. This can result in the wire breaking inside the gun or bird-nesting at the feeder. Liner style: Liners are available in plated or non-plated styles, and the right choice depends on the geometry of the wire. A plated liner has a smooth finish, while a non-plated liner has a rough finish. It takes less force to feed wire through a smooth, plated liner. Therefore, it’s recommended to use a plated liner with cored wires since they are softer, and using too much force to push them through the liner could cause them to break. Liner buildup: A buildup of debris inside the liner can also lead to poor wire feeding. Debris can be the result of using the wrong type of drive roll, which can cause wire shavings inside the liner, or it can be due to microarcing as the wire corkscrews through the liner. Over time, this microarcing can result in weld deposits inside the liner, which can require more force to push the wire through. Also, dragging the liner across the floor can cause it to pick up dirt and debris. Replace the liner when buildup results in erratic wire feeding. Welding operators can also blow compressed air through the cable to remove dirt and debris each time the liner is changed. Watch for contact tip wear Worn or dirty contact tips can cause wire feeding issues. The hole at the end of the contact tip is large enough for the wire to feed through. With use over time, the contact tip can wear and the hole becomes more oblong in shape. This is called keyholing. In addition, small balls of spatter can sometimes become welded inside the contact tip, causing burnback and poor feeding of the wire. To minimize the opportunity for keyholing, look for a consumable system that concentrically aligns the liner and contact tip, since this connection creates less mechanical wear on the tip’s interior diameter and reduces the risk of keyholing. Less keyholing also means less chance of an erratic arc, excessive spatter or burnback, which helps lengthen the life of the contact tip. These systems also bury the contact tip further in the gas diffuser to protect it from heat damage. Shielding gas cools the contact tip tail as it flows through the gun, further reducing heat and minimizing contact tip wear. Lastly — the gun: Using a gun with a 25-foot cable when one with a 10-foot cable would suffice often results in bunching of the cable. The minute the operator starts coiling the weld cable during welding, wire feeding troubles can result. Choose the proper gun length for the application and keep the cable as straight as possible during welding to help prevent feeding issues. Wire feeding issues can cost time and money in downtime, wear and replacement of consumables and lost productivity. While there are many potential causes to poor wire feeding, many of them have simple solutions. It’s often a matter of methodically working through the checklist, starting at one end and working toward the other, to find the issue and implement a solution.
Through-arm robotic welding systems are becoming increasingly common in the industry, as more equipment manufacturers turn to the development of this style compared to conventional robots. However, there are some applications where it is better to use a conventional robotic gun for these systems, instead of the through-arm gun typically chosen. The good news is that most through-arm robotic welding systems allow for mounting either type of gun — providing more options and flexibility depending upon the needs of the application. And while the choice of gun is sometimes an afterthought, it can significantly impact efficiency, throughput and quality of the finished weld. Choosing the best option for the job up front is key. As the name suggests, the power cable assembly of a through-arm MIG gun runs through the arm of the robot as opposed to over the top of it like in a conventional gun. Because of this design, the through-arm gun style is often more durable, since the power cable is protected. However, because conventional guns can be used on either type of system — a through-arm robotic system or a conventional robot — they can sometimes offer greater flexibility, and can be used with more robot makes and models. There are numerous factors to consider when making the choice between a through-arm gun and a conventional robotic gun for a through-arm robotic welding system: Conventional style guns, which typically offer a longer neck, can provide more flexibility in accessing or reaching certain weldments, whereas through-arm guns may have difficulty reaching around fixturing or tooling in some cases. In applications where a through-arm gun is installed and it doesn’t reach the weldment as needed, a conventional gun can be swapped in for access purposes. In addition, conventional guns are often a good choice in smaller, more modular weld cells that feature short-armed robots. Through-arm guns may not work as well in these situations because there is not as much cable, and therefore the robot doesn’t have as much slack for articulation. Also, because of the way the cable lies in a conventional gun, the bend radiuses of the cable are much larger than in through-arm guns. When welding aluminum, for example, wire feeding is a major contributing factor to poor weld quality, and therefore tight bend radiuses are not recommended. This makes conventional guns a good option when robotic welding aluminum. Uptime and throughput are also critical in robotic welding applications, and maintenance is a key factor that impacts productivity, downtime and costs. Conventional guns often provide easier maintenance because everything is outside of the arm, allowing for parts to be changed or repaired quickly to minimize downtime. Another benefit of conventional guns is they tend to be more cost-effective to purchase and can be installed much faster — saving time and money in setup. Through-arm guns provide their own advantages when matched with a through-arm robotic welding system. In applications that require plunging deeply into a fixture or part, a through-arm gun is often a better choice. Think of a through-arm gun as an extension of the robot arm. This extension allows it to access different areas within the part being welded, depending on the application. In addition, because the cables are more protected on a through-arm gun they tend to last longer overall, which helps reduce replacement costs. The through-arm design naturally protects the power cable and makes it less prone to snagging on fixturing, rubbing against the robot or wearing out from routine torsion. With either a conventional gun or a through-arm gun, there are some common best practices that can contribute to success in robotic MIG welding. First, it is critical that the cable is never under tension when using a through-arm gun, to help prevent premature cable failure. Cable tension is visible on a conventional style gun but not on a through-arm gun since the cable runs through the gun. This makes proper setup especially important with through-arm guns. In addition, it’s best to use a cable management system when using a conventional gun to ensure there isn’t too much slack in the cable. With too much slack, the cable will rub on anything around it and possibly catch on fixturing. When a robot moves at production speed, it can break the cable or fixture. Keep these factors in mind, along with joint access requirements and weld cell layout, when making the gun choice to help improve throughput and productivity.
As companies seek to gain a competitive edge, it’s not surprising that some turn to welding automation. It offers numerous advantages, including greater productivity, improved quality and cost savings compared to a semi-automatic welding operation. However, to gain the most out of the investment it’s important to follow some best practices in the weld cell. These considerations include the careful selection, installation and maintenance of gas metal arc welding (GMAW) guns. As with any type of welding equipment, the goal is to implement the GMAW gun in a manner that optimizes performance, reduces downtime and prevents the accrual of unnecessary costs. It is important to note that the considerations for achieving these benefits may vary depending on whether the robotic welding system uses a through-arm gun or a conventional-style gun. Following are some tips to help. All automated welding systems need some form of collision detection to minimize damage to the robot and the GMAW gun in the event of an impact. Today’s robots typically have built-in collision detection software, making it appropriate to use only a solid gun mount to connect and position the GMAW gun. In some cases, companies like the secondary insurance of using a clutch on robots featuring this software. Doing so, however, can add unnecessarily to the expense of the operation, increase weight on the front end of the robot arm and cause the tool center point (TCP) to be less repeatable. When possible, it is preferable to use a solid mount coupled with collision detection built into the robot, instead of a clutch. Solid mounts offer numerous advantages, especially for systems using a through-arm style gun. A solid mount can aid in achieving a more accurate TCP, providing greater repeatability for more consistent welds. They are also more cost effective and lighter weight, which allows for quicker movement and potentially better productivity. The use of a solid mount, in conjunction with a through-arm robotic GMAW gun, typically opens up the work envelope, so the robot arm can better access the weld joint. For systems with a conventional gun, a solid mount provides little benefit over a clutch in terms of opening up the work envelope or increasing productivity due to the position of the gun in comparison to the faceplate of the robot. Air blast is an optional technology on GMAW guns that can help enhance gun performance. This feature can be factory-installed or retrofitted into a gun. Utilizing air blast when possible helps eliminate debris in the front part of the robotic GMAW gun, reducing opportunities for weld contamination that can lead to poor weld quality, costly rework and downtime. As the name implies, the air blast feature blows compressed air through the front of the gun to remove debris. It can be used with air-cooled robotic guns or water-cooled models. In addition to removing debris that can cause poor weld quality or contamination, air blast can help increase the time between cycles by removing spatter from the front of the gun. The air blast function can also be used to cool down the gun between weld passes, to help operations avoid going over the duty cycle limit when using air-cooled guns. Using simulation software to model the proposed weld cycle before selecting and implementing a robotic GMAW gun can help in achieving the best results with an automated welding system. While the goal with an automated welding system is often to move as quickly and freely as possible, it’s important to remember that it’s typically best to limit excessive robot movements, as it results in longer gun life thanks to reduced equipment stress. Simulation programs can be used to determine proper system setup, including TCP requirements and which nozzle and GMAW gun neck are best suited to get the desired joint access or angle. The reach and access of the gun neck, in particular, is an important factor in system movement and stress. Changing the neck angle from 22 degrees to 45 degrees, for example, can have a significant impact on robot articulation. This is where a simulation program is beneficial, since it can be used to determine the type of neck and the neck angle that are best for the application before making the investment. To gain optimum speed and performance from the gun, it may be as simple as slightly adjusting the height of the risers or tooling to gain better access to the weld and reduce stress on the gun. Among several peripherals that can be added to maximize system performance, a neck inspection fixture is one that can help improve throughput, minimize unnecessary downtime — and help gain the best performance from the robotic GMAW gun. A neck inspection fixture verifies that the gun neck is set to the intended TCP and allows the neck to be readjusted after a collision or if it becomes bent during routine welding. When neck adjustment is needed, the welding operator can simply adjust the neck to meet specifications. This helps prevent costly rework due to missed weld joints and can prevent the downtime it takes to reprogram the robot to meet the necessary welding specifications with a bent neck on the gun. In some cases, the welding operator can simply remove the bent neck and exchange it with a spare neck to get the system back online quickly. The damaged neck can be set aside for inspection later, resulting in less interruption to the weld cycle. Using a neck inspection fixture from day one of an automated welding system helps ensure a consistent TCP. Choosing the right gun and cable for the application — and installing them properly — are key steps toward maximizing performance of the robotic GMAW gun. Consider the weld length, the required amperage and the type and thickness of material being welded when selecting a robotic GMAW gun. Air-cooled guns work well on lower amperage applications and high-volume welds. In heavy equipment manufacturing and similar industries, a water-cooled GMAW gun may be necessary to weld on thicker materials for longer periods of time. Water-cooled guns offer high amperages — usually up to 600 amps — at 100 percent duty cycle. Selecting the appropriate neck, power cable and other gun components can also have an impact on productivity and performance. Choosing the proper neck style and length for the application provides the gun with easy and complete access to the weld joint, which helps reduce weld defects and downtime for rework. Available neck angles typically range from 180 to 45 degrees, with varying lengths to accommodate most robotic welding applications. Necks can also be special ordered for custom TCP requirements when necessary. In addition, power cable style and length can also impact efficiency in robotic welding operations. For through-arm applications, the power cable is often sold in set lengths to match a specific model of robot, so the selection process is easier. For conventional style robots, it’s important to verify the exact length needed. Too long of a cable can easily kink or move during the welding process, while too short of a cable can stretch and shorten cable life. In both cases, it can result in downtime, premature cable failure and increased costs. Also, look for a sturdy power cable that can withstand UV damage from the arc and resist wear. Cables with quick-change features can extend cable life, simplify cable changeover and maximize arc-on time when installed properly. Regularly check all connections on the GMAW gun to ensure they are tight and secure. Doing so helps prevent issues that can lead to weld defect and downtime. Tighten front-end consumables and check that all seals are in good condition. Also be certain the power pin is secure. While checking that welding cable leads are secure, look for signs of wear and replace them as necessary. Remove spatter from the GMAW gun nozzle regularly, ideally applying anti-spatter to protect against buildup. Implement a reamer when possible to minimize damage to the gun and front-end consumables. A reamer (or nozzle cleaning station) removes spatter from the nozzle bore and clears away debris that accumulates around the diffuser during welding, resulting in longer life of the consumables and higher weld quality. The reamer can be programmed to run between welding cycles — either during part loading or transfer — so it does not add to the overall cycle time per part. In addition, track the life span of the GMAW gun liner and replace it prior to failure. Replacement liners should be trimmed to the appropriate length using a liner gauge. Automated welding operations that are larger in size may need to do more frequent preventive maintenance. It’s especially important for companies that complete large weldments on thick materials because they stand to have greater costs and downtime for rework in the event of gun failure. Automated welding systems add speed, accuracy and repeatability to the welding operation. They can help companies increase productivity and reduce costs in a relatively short period. Implementing some best practices can help companies extend the life of the GMAW gun and consumables, and optimize performance and efficiency of an automated welding system — offering them the most out of the investment.
Ensuring a robotic welding cell stays productive and consistently generates a positive return on investment is determined, in large part, by the amount of downtime it incurs. Since robotic welding systems are built for speed, accuracy and repeatability, the cost of arc-off time spent addressing issues is exponentially higher than in a typical welding cell. Having welding operators and robotic weld cell supervisors who can quickly troubleshoot and solve problems makes all the difference when it comes to keeping costs down, generating high-quality results and maintaining optimal efficiency. Here are five common causes of downtime that can occur in a robotic welding operation, along with ways to prevent and address them. If a power cable rubs against the robot, on parts or against tooling, it can prematurely fail and cause unnecessary downtime. In some cases, the cable may even catch on components and wear them out, too. Cables that are too long or too short create excessive strain by either being pulled too tight or flopping around too much and creating strain at the front housing — both of which lead to premature cable failure. These issues are common with conventional style robots, where the power cable connecting to the robotic MIG gun is external to the robot arm. The goal is to set cable length to allow it to exit the front housing with a smooth arc, resulting in minimal strain. Alternately, in the case of a through-arm robotic welding system, downtime often occurs due to improper installation of the gun and/or improper cable length. Solutions: By adding cable tensioners, which are essentially spring-loaded cable devices that hold the power cable, operators can ensure the cables stay properly supported on a conventional robot. Programming the robot so that it doesn’t accelerate or decelerate too quickly or abruptly can also protect against premature cable failure. In some cases, if the work envelope is quite small, cable rubbing may be unavoidable. Using a protective wrap to shield the cable from rubbing can help. These are available in the marketplace as either a leather or woven nylon cover, or a plastic spiral wrap. When installing a through-arm robotic MIG gun, be sure to position the robot with the wrist and top axis at 180 degrees, parallel to each other. Then install the insulating disc and spacer the same as with a conventional over-the-arm robotic MIG gun. Always be sure the power cable position is correct and has the proper “lie” with the robot’s top axis at 180 degrees, and ensure the power cable has about 1.5 inches of slack when installing it, so it is not too taut. Although consumables may seem like a small part of the robotic welding process, they can have a big impact on how productive and effective an operation is. Nozzles, contact tips, retaining heads (or diffusers) and liners can all fail prematurely or perform poorly for a variety of issues, including spatter or debris buildup, loose connections and improper installation. Issues with the contact tip — especially burnbacks and cross-threading — are also relatively common, and are often caused by a liner being trimmed too short. Solution: Choosing durable, easy-to-install consumables is key to minimizing both planned and unplanned downtime in a robotic welding operation. Longer lasting consumables require less frequent changeover. Plus, designs that help less experienced welding operators install consumables correctly result in less troubleshooting. Contact tips with coarse threads and a long tail ensure the tip aligns concentrically in the gas diffuser before the threads engage. These features help minimize the risk of cross-threading. Also, contact tips with greater mass at the front end and that are buried further down in the gas diffuser better withstand heat from the arc to help them last longer. For pulsed welding operations, contact tips with a hardened insert help the tip last 10 times longer than those made of copper or chrome zirconium. That is important since the pulsed waveforms are especially harsh on contact tips and cause them to wear prematurely. Operators should always inspect consumables for signs of spatter or debris buildup during routine breaks in production and, if signs of either are present, replace or clean them. They should also ensure their nozzle cleaning station or reamer is working properly, if one is present, and that it is programmed to ream at a rate that is appropriate for that specific application. It may be necessary to increase the frequency of the anti-spatter spray application or reaming throughout the programmed welding cycle. Check that all consumable connections are clean and secure, as loose connections can generate additional heat through increased electrical resistance, shortening consumable life and/or causing them to perform poorly. Consumable designs that are tapered can also help minimize heat buildup and extend consumable life by offering better electrical conductivity. Welding operators should always follow the manufacturer’s instructions for liner trimming and installation, as a liner can cause inconsistent feeding if cut too short. It is a good idea to use a liner gauge to confirm the correct liner length. There are also spring-loaded modules that work in conjunction with a front-loading liner to help minimize issues if the liner is cut to an incorrect length. These are housed in the power pin and apply forward pressure on the liner after it is installed. They typically allow up to 1 inch of forgiveness if the liner is too short. It is also important to replace liners frequently enough, as a clogged liner full of debris and dirt will not feed properly, and may cause premature contact tip failure. Excessive spatter buildup in consumables can be caused by a nozzle cleaning station that isn’t operating properly and can easily cause unnecessary downtime. Issues related to nozzle cleaning stations can be caused by an incorrect position between this peripheral and the robotic MIG gun nozzle; poor anti-spatter compound coverage; or a dull or improperly sized cutter blade. Solution: If a nozzle cleaning station doesn’t appear to be working properly, first check that the robotic MIG gun is concentric to the cutting blade on the reamer. Misalignment of the nozzle can lead to partial cleaning and excessive spatter buildup. Also check that the anti-spatter sprayer, if present, is full, correctly positioned and properly coating the nozzle during spraying. The nozzle should be slightly damp on the inside and outside, and covered up to three-quarters of an inch from the bottom of the nozzle. Note that over-spraying anti-spatter compound can cause nozzles to deteriorate prematurely, so it should never be sprayed for more than half a second. Be sure that the cutter blade matches the diameter of the nozzle bore, so that it can effectively clean during the ream cycle without hitting the nozzle or the gas diffuser. It is also important to have a sharp cutter blade and to make sure that the nozzle is at the correct depth within the jaws of the nozzle cleaning station. Finally, adding an air blast feature to a robotic GMAW gun can help support the nozzle cleaning station’s overall effectiveness. An air blast feature blows high-pressure air through the gun’s front end, which helps remove spatter, debris and other contaminants. This feature can help reduce how often a nozzle cleaning station needs to be used and, ultimately, boost productivity. Collisions can occur as the result of tooling that hasn’t been secured properly, an item inadvertently being left in the weld cell or poor part fit-up. Unfortunately, not only can collisions create unwanted downtime, but they can also damage the robot arm, the robotic MIG gun and/or front-end consumables. Many newer robots are equipped with collision detection software that serves the same function as a shock sensor, but some companies still use a shock sensor as a backup safety measure. Solution: For robots that don’t have built-in collision software, a shock sensor can act as a safety device to protect the robot arm and gun from damage if the robot crashes. In the event of a collision, the shock sensor sends a signal back to the robot to alert it to shut down. In order to determine that the shock sensor switch is working properly, operators should conduct a continuity check in the open and closed position of the switch using a multimeter or manually trip it by bumping the neck with their hand. If the sensor is working properly, it will send a signal back to the robot indicating there is a problem. Always reset the shock sensor to its home position and recheck the tool center point (TCP) after a collision, and confirm that both the TCP and clutch are correct. If welding operators are using a newer robot with collision detection software, they should make sure it’s set up correctly and that both the TCP and center of mass or balancing point have been programmed according to the gun manufacturer’s specifications. Doing so helps ensure the robot will react properly in the event of a collision. Poor wire feeding in a robotic welding system is usually caused by one of three things: 1) issues with the liner, such as a clogged liner, 2) a wire feeder that isn’t functioning properly or 3) power cable kinking. Regardless of the cause, the result is poor arc stability and weld quality. Solution: As previously mentioned, regularly changing the liner and using a robotic MIG gun with an “air blast” feature help eliminate debris in a liner. If an air blast feature is not available, welding operators can also manually blow compressed air through the liner periodically. If it is suspected that the wire feeder’s drive rolls are the culprits of the poor wire feeding, there are two ways to further investigate and assess the situation. One is to visually inspect the drive rolls for signs of wear, and the other is to conduct a “two-finger” test. The latter involves disengaging the drive rolls, grasping the welding wire and pulling it through the gun. The wire should be able to be pulled easily with two fingers. Lastly, look for kinks in the power cable, which can also lead to poor wire feeding, and then straighten or unwind the cable, if necessary. Remember, knowing how to troubleshoot common problems in a robotic welding operation can make the difference between costly downtime and consistently productive, arc-on time. And making the effort to address potential issues up front can actually save time and money in the long run.
Being as comfortable as possible contributes to welding operator safety and productivity — and it’s a factor that can impact the quality of the finished weld. There are numerous issues that play a role in welding operator comfort, including the heat generated by the welding process, the repetitive motions and, at times, cumbersome equipment. These challenges can take a toll, resulting in aches, fatigue and physical and mental stress for welding operators. There are some steps, however, to help reduce the impact of these factors. These include choosing the right equipment for the job, utilizing tools and accessories designed to improve operator comfort, and following some best practices that promote proper operator form. Promoting operator comfort can lessen the chance of injuries associated with repetitive movement, as well as reduce overall fatigue. Choosing a GMAW gun that meets the needs of the application — and in some cases customizing the gun — is a critical way to impact welding operator comfort so he or she can achieve the best results. A gun’s trigger, handle, neck and power cable design all help determine how long a welding operator can comfortably weld without experiencing fatigue or stress. The application’s weld joint geometry also plays a role in welding operator comfort, and it impacts what components to choose for optimal joint access. Here are some issues to consider in GMAW gun selection that can impact comfort, as well as quality and productivity: Different welding guns can offer different “balance,” which refers to the feel and ease of movement experienced when the welding operator holds the gun. For example, a heavier gun that is balanced properly can lessen operator fatigue compared to a heavier gun that is not balanced properly. A gun that is properly balanced will feel natural in the operator’s hands and be easy to maneuver. When a gun is not balanced correctly, it might feel more unwieldy or uncomfortable to use. This can make a difference in operator comfort and productivity. Because welding applications differ for every welding operator, customizable GMAW guns can be a good option to gain greater comfort. Poor welding operator comfort can directly impact productivity and efficiency. Some gun manufacturers offer online resources to help welding operators configure a GMAW gun for the exact specifications of the job. This helps ensure the gun is suited to operator preferences and the needs of the application — for greater comfort and productivity. ttFor example, most welding operators do not make huge, sweeping movements when using a GMAW gun. Instead, they tend to use more minute, delicate maneuvering of the gun. Some configurations allow users to choose an option available for fume extraction guns — for example, a ball and socket swivel design that helps the vacuum hose to move separately from the handle. This improves flexibility and reduces the wrist fatigue for the welding operator. Utilizing proper weld position and form are additional ways that welding operators can maximize comfort on the job. Repetitive strain or prolonged uncomfortable postures can result in operator injury — or even the need for costly and time-consuming rework due to poor quality welds. Whenever possible, place the workpiece flat and move it into the most comfortable position. It’s also important to maintain a clean working environment. In some cases, a fume extraction gun paired with the proper portable fume extraction system can be a viable option to replace wearing a powered air purifying respirator and lessen the amount of equipment the welding operator must wear. To maintain compliance and safety, it’s always a good idea to consult an industrial hygienist to be certain that’s an appropriate step. In addition, operator comfort can be maximized by using stable posture and avoiding awkward body positioning, and by not working in one position for long periods. When welding in a seated position, operators should also have the workpiece slightly below elbow level. When the application requires standing for long periods, use a foot-rest. Having the right equipment, choosing equipment or accessories that are easy to operate and promote operator comfort, and utilizing proper welding technique and form are all important steps toward achieving a comfortable, safe work environment for welding operators. Lightweight welding guns with appropriate handle and neck designs for the job and for the operator can help achieve safe and productive results. The reduction of heat stress, wrist and neck fatigue and repetitive motions can also help decrease overall physical and mental stress for welding operators. To achieve optimal results, consider the numerous options available in tailoring a GMAW gun that is right for the application and operator preference.
Self-shielded flux-cored arc welding (FCAW-S) offers numerous benefits, including good weldability, high deposition rates, and excellent chemical and mechanical properties. These make the process a common choice for many applications, such as structural steel erection, bridge construction and heavy equipment repair. But like any welding process, it is not without its challenges. There are a few simple tips and best practices that can help address these challenges. Using this knowledge — with a bit of practice — can save time, money and frustration, and help achieve high weld quality. Slag inclusions — the result of molten flux from inside the welding wire becoming trapped inside the weld — can commonly occur in out-of-position and multi-pass FCAW-S applications. Preventing this issue depends on following key best practices and utilizing proper welding techniques. These include: Porosity is a common weld defect that occurs when gas is trapped in the weld. Cleaning the base material thoroughly prior to welding is the main way to prevent this problem. Remove all dirt, rust, grease, oil, paint, moisture and other contaminants from the full length of the weld joint. While welding, be sure to maintain wire stick-out of no more than 1 1/4 inch beyond the contact tip. In addition, using filler metals containing added deoxidizers can help prevent porosity and allow for welding through light contaminants. However, these wires are not a replacement for proper cleaning. Another defect, wormtracking, refers to marks on the surface of the weld bead caused by gas that the flux inside the wire creates. Take care to avoid excessive voltage for the wire feed setting to help prevent this problem. In situations where wormtracking occurs, reduce the voltage in increments of 1/2 volt until the problem stops. Undercutting and lack of fusion Lack of fusion occurs when the weld metal does not properly fuse with the base material or with the preceding weld bead during multi-pass welding. Using an improper gun angle is the main cause of this problem. Maintain heat input and correct work angle of the gun to help prevent lack of fusion. Use a gun angle drag of 15 to 45 degrees, and keep the arc on the trailing edge of the welding puddle. When using a weaving technique, hold the arc on the groove’s sidewall. A dirty work surface is another common cause of lack of fusion. Proper and thorough cleaning of the surface before welding and in between passes is recommended. Undercutting causes a weaker area at the toe of the weld by allowing a groove to melt in the base metal that is not filled in by the weld metal. This defect can often lead to cracking. To prevent undercutting, follow welding parameters for the appropriate welding current and voltage. Gun angle also plays a key role in this issue. In addition, be sure to maintain a travel speed that allows the weld metal to fill the melted-out areas of the base material completely. When it comes to weld joint penetration, too much and too little are both problematic. Good joint penetration is critical to completing high-quality welds, so it’s important to pay attention to how much weld metal is going into the joint. When weld metal melts through the base metal and hangs underneath the weld, this is excessive penetration. It is most often caused by too much heat. Avoid this problem by maintaining proper heat input for the application. Lower the voltage range, reduce wire feed speed and increase travel speed. When the problem is a lack of penetration — or a shallow fusion between the weld and base metals — taking the opposite steps will help: increase the voltage range and wire feed speed, while reducing travel speed. Joint preparation also plays a role in proper penetration. To maintain the right wire extension and obtain necessary arc characteristics for good weld quality, it is imperative to access the bottom of the groove. As with any welding process, FCAW-S can present some challenges. By utilizing proper welding technique and taking steps to address the issues, it will be easier to identify and solve problems quickly — or even prevent them from occurring — in order to reap the productivity and quality benefits the process offers.
When it comes to welding, too much of a good thing can often add up to unnecessary costs, potential downtime and lost productivity — especially if you have too large of a MIG gun for your application. Unfortunately, many people believe a common misconception: that you need a MIG gun rated to the highest amperage you expect to weld (e.g., a 400-amp gun for a 400-amp application). That is simply not true. In fact, a MIG gun that provides a higher amperage capacity than you need typically weighs more and may be less flexible, making it less comfortable to maneuver around weld joints. Higher amperage MIG guns also cost more. The truth is, because you spend time moving parts, tacking them and performing other pre- and post-weld activities, you rarely weld continuously enough to reach the maximum duty cycle for that MIG gun. Instead, it’s often better to choose the lightest, most flexible gun that meets your needs. For example, a MIG gun rated at 300 amps can typically weld at 400 amps and higher — for a limited amount of time — and do just as good of a job. In the United States, the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, or NEMA, establishes the MIG gun rating criteria. In Europe, similar standards are the responsibility of Conformité Européenne or European Conformity, also called CE. Under both agencies, MIG guns receive a rating that reflects the temperatures above which the handle or cable becomes uncomfortably warm. These ratings, however, do not identify the point at which the MIG gun risks damage or failure. Much of the difference lies in the duty cycle of the gun. Manufacturers have the option of rating their guns at 100-, 60- or 35-percent duty cycles. For that reason, there can be significant differences when comparing different MIG gun manufacturer’s products. Duty cycle is the amount of arc-on time within a 10-minute period. One MIG gun manufacturer may produce a 400-amp MIG gun that is capable of welding at 100 percent duty cycle, while another manufactures the same amperage MIG gun that can weld at only 60 percent duty cycle. In this example, the first MIG gun would be able to weld consistently at full amperage for a 10-minute time frame, whereas the latter would only be able to weld for 6 minutes. Before deciding which MIG gun to purchase, it is important to review the duty cycle ratios for the product. You can typically find this information in the product literature or on the manufacturer’s website. Based on the gun rating explanation above, it is also essential for you to consider the length of time you spend welding before you make your MIG gun selection. Look at how much time you actually spend welding over the course of 10 minutes. You may be surprised to discover that the average arc-on time is usually less than 5 minutes. Keep in mind that welding with a MIG gun rated to 300 amps would exceed its rated capacity if you were to use it at 400 amps and 100-percent duty cycle. However, if you used that same gun to weld at 400 amps and 50-percent duty cycle, it should work just fine. Similarly, if you had an application that required welding very thick metal at high current loads (even 500 amps or more) for a very short period of time, you might be able to use a gun rated at only 300 amps. As a general rule, a MIG gun becomes uncomfortably hot when it exceeds its full duty cycle temperature rating. If you find yourself welding for longer on a regular basis, you should consider either welding at a lower duty cycle or switching to a higher rated gun. Exceeding a MIG gun’s rated temperature capacity can lead to weakened connections and power cables, and shorten its working life. There are two types of heat that affect the handle and cable temperature on a MIG gun and also the amount of time you can weld with it: radiant heat from the arc and resistive heat from the cable. Both of these types of heat also factor into what rating of MIG gun you should select. Radiant heat is heat that reflects back to the handle from the welding arc and the base metal. It is responsible for most of the heat encountered by the MIG gun handle. Several factors affect it, including the material being welded. If you weld aluminum or stainless steel, for example, you will find that it reflects more heat than mild steel. The shielding gas mixture you use, as well as the welding transfer process, can also affect radiant heat. For example, argon creates a hotter arc than pure CO2, causing a MIG gun using an argon shielding gas mixture to reach its rated temperature at a lower amperage than when welding with pure CO2. If you use a spray transfer process, you may also find that your welding application generates more heat. This process requires an 85 percent or richer argon shielding gas mixture, along with a longer wire stick out and arc length, both of which increase the voltage in the application and the overall temperature. The result is, again, more radiant heat. Using a longer MIG gun neck can help minimize the impact of radiant heat on the handle by placing it further from the arc and keeping it cooler. The consumables you use can in turn affect the amount of heat that the neck absorbs. Take care to find consumables that connect tightly and have good mass, as these absorb heat better and can help prevent the neck from carrying as much heat to the handle. In addition to radiant heat, you may encounter resistive heat in your welding application. Resistive heat occurs by way of electrical resistance within the welding cable and is responsible for most of the heat in the cable. It occurs when the electricity generated by the power source cannot flow through the cable and cable connections. The energy of the “backed up” electricity is lost as heat. Having an adequately sized cable can minimize resistive heat; however, it cannot eliminate it entirely. A cable large enough to completely eliminate resistance would be too heavy and unwieldy to maneuver. Using a lighter MIG gun can often improve productivity since it is easier to maneuver for longer periods of time. Smaller MIG guns can also reduce your susceptibility to repetitive motion injuries, such as carpal tunnel syndrome. When choosing your MIG gun, remember that not all products are created equal. Two MIG guns rated to 300 amps could vary widely in terms of their overall size and weight. Take the time to research your options. Also, look for features like a ventilated handle that permits air to flow through it and keeps it running cooler. Such features can often allow a gun to be rated to a higher capacity without adding any size or weight. Finally, assess the time you spend welding, the process and shielding gas you use, and the materials you are welding. Doing so can help you select a gun that strikes the ideal balance between comfort and capacity.
Investing in a robotic welding system goes beyond the initial purchase — it is equally important to find ways to maximize the abilities of this equipment. When implemented properly, speed, accuracy and cost savings are fundamental benefits of welding automation. These factors rely on everything from the robot itself to personnel overseeing the weld cell to the smallest factors, like the front-end consumables on the robotic MIG gun. Although consumables may seem insignificant, the nozzles, contact tips and gas diffusers can have a huge impact on performance. The right combination reduces downtime and waste, and improves productivity and quality. In fact, a contact tip often serves as a barometer of the overall effectiveness of the welding process, by indicating how optimized it is — or isn’t. Always consider consumables as a part of the planning process when working with an integrator to design a robotic welding system. Doing so prevents issues with joint access — if the consumables are an afterthought, it’s possible that the front-end of the robotic MIG gun won’t be able to maneuver properly around the part or the fixturing to reach the joint. Reconfiguring the system can be time-consuming and costly. Bottleneck, straight or tapered nozzles can help accommodate for joint restrictions since they are narrower than standard nozzles and provide better access. Take caution when using tapered nozzles, however, as they are thinner and may not be able to withstand the higher amperage or higher-duty-cycles of robotic welding, leading to more frequent changeover. They may also collect more spatter buildup due to their narrower bore. For jobs requiring 300 amps or greater and/or those with a high level of arc-on time, a heavy-duty style nozzle with thicker walls and insulators will be more heat-resistant. It’s usually best to select the heaviest duty consumable for the application that still allows access to the tooling. Consult a robotic integrator or welding distributor whenever in doubt. Consumables come in a variety of materials and sizes. For example, heavy-duty contact tips are available in copper or chrome zirconium and feature an outside diameter (OD) of around 0.3125 inch. In addition to pulsed welding (discussed more later), higher-amperage applications can benefit from chrome zirconium contact tips, as they generally offer a longer performance life than copper contact tips. Nozzles are typically available in brass or copper. The brass variety tends to be more spatter-resistant. However, these nozzles have a lower melting point and can fracture or deteriorate more quickly than copper, if they come into direct contact with the molten weld pool. This factor makes them ill-suited for tight access applications. Extra-heavy-duty consumables are also available in the marketplace and are good for high-amperage applications requiring larger-diameter welding wires — 0.052 inch and greater. Contact tips in this category generally have an outer diameter of about 0.375 in. Regardless of the material, look for consumables that are well-machined with a smooth, consistent surface. These are less prone to spatter buildup and may therefore last longer. In some cases, these consumables may be more expensive, but it’s important to weigh the upfront costs with the longer-term savings of minimizing changeovers and downtime. Likewise, poorly functioning consumables, or ones that are simply not appropriate for the application, can generate weld quality issues that compound productivity delays and could lead to expensive rework. Robotic welding systems typically operate for longer periods of time at higher amperages than semi-automatic applications. As mentioned, heavy-duty consumables, which are more heat-resistant than standard-duty consumables, are often used. But they aren’t always necessary. In some cases, standard-duty consumables can replace them. For example, in applications with low duty cycles, there is less heat because less time is spent welding, and standard-duty consumable will suffice. It is important, however, to test for durability on a given application before introducing them into the welding operation. Also, when frequent consumable changeover is part of a company’s protocol, standard-duty consumables could work on high-amperage applications because the welding operator changes them over before a failure occurs from high heat levels. Mechanical wear on the contact tip is inevitable in any welding application, as the constant friction of the welding wire feeding through the tip naturally wears on it. But electrical wear also can be an issue in high-amperage welding that uses a pulsed welding mode. Pulsed welding programs have a unique waveform that causes the power source to move between low background currents and high peaks, which is particularly harsh on consumables. Often these waveforms reduce weld spatter but are harder, electrically speaking, on the contact tip. It is important to select contact tips that are durable enough for the application, and often chrome zirconium contact tips are the best choice for this welding mode. It is also a good idea to monitor contact tip usage regularly in pulsed welding applications. Changing over contact tips before they are too damaged can help to prevent issues such as loss of electrical conductivity, burnbacks and excessive spatter, resulting in poor weld quality, rework and downtime. Welding operators can use the time during routine breaks in production to changeover contact tips and maximize efficiencies. Robotic welding often uses large drums of wires — 500 to 1,000 pounds — to minimize changeover. The wire in these drums tends to have less cast or helix than wire that feeds off of a smaller spool and, as a result, feeds through the contact tip in a relatively straight fashion, making little or no contact with the tip. This action minimizes the electrical conductivity necessary to create a good arc and a sound weld. It also can cause the welding wire to contact the part being welded and arc back into the contact tip, creating a burnback. This condition automatically creates downtime because the contact tip needs to be changed. Undersizing contact tips, particularly when using solid wire in a high-amperage application, is a good fix. For example, a 0.040-in.-diameter contact tip could work for a 0.045-in. wire. The welding operator should check with a trusted welding distributor for applications requiring metal-cored wires because undersizing is not always an option. It’s worth considering the impact that the wire type has on the longevity of the contact tips as well. Non-copper-coated solid wires, for example, tend to wear contact tips more quickly than copper-coated ones because the coating acts like a lubricant to improve feedability. Improved feedability can, in turn, lead to longer contact tip life. A nozzle cleaning station or reamer cleans spatter from the robotic gun nozzle and clears away debris in the gas diffuser that accumulates during the welding process. Reamers can be outfitted with a sprayer that applies a water-based anti-spatter compound to protect the nozzle, retaining head and workpiece from spatter. Reamers and anti-spatter combined are a good defense against premature consumable failure and poor shielding gas coverage (caused by spatter-blocked gas ports), and can help extend the life of front-end consumables. For the best results, place the nozzle cleaning station close to the robot so it’s easily accessible, and program the robot to use it in between cycles — during part loading or tool transfer, for example. It should only take six seconds for the nozzle cleaning station to complete its job and the results are measurable: less spatter and longer consumable life.
When it comes to robotic welding operations, uptime is key. Minimizing air movements and ensuring consistent workflow are just as important as selecting the right robot, power source and robotic gas metal arc welding (GMAW) gun. Everything should work in conjunction to bring about the greatest efficiencies. The result can be higher productivity, better weld quality and an improved bottom line — not to mention, the potential for a competitive edge. A nozzle cleaning station (also called a reamer), along with a sprayer for delivering anti-spatter compound, can be simple and effective additions to the robotic weld cell — and ones that offer a good return on investment. Anti-spatter compound can also be delivered from a single large drum via a multi-feed system to numerous robotic weld cells. Anti-spatter compound protects the front-end consumables on a robotic GMAW gun from excessive spatter accumulation, which can restrict shielding gas flow, increasing the risk for porosity. This compound also helps prolong the life of the nozzle, contact tips and gas diffuser, and can reduce downtime for consumable changeover. In addition, it can lower the cost for consumable inventory (and its management), and reduce operating costs by improving weld quality and lessening rework by way of consumables that operate at peak performance. All of these factors contribute to a more productive and profitable welding operation. The what, when and where of anti-spatter compounds Constant-voltage (CV) applications and those utilizing solid wire and/or the welding of galvanized steel tend to produce high levels of spatter, and therefore, often benefit the most from the use of anti-spatter compound. However, the application of anti-spatter compound is ideal for any high-volume, high-production environment seeking to minimize potential weld quality issues, extend consumable life and also reduce downtime. Its application can easily be programmed so that it is sprayed onto the consumables after each ream cycle, during routine pauses in production for part changeover. When selecting an anti-spatter compound, be certain that it is capable of providing uniform coverage to protect the entire nozzle, that it cleans up easily and leaves no residue, and that it is compatible with the nozzle cleaning station being used. Water-soluble anti-spatter compound is the most popular option, and is typically non-toxic and eco-friendly. Oil-based anti-spatter compound is also available in the marketplace, but is generally less desirable to use because it is more difficult to clean up if it settles on fixtures or elsewhere in the weld cell. It is also important to note that oil-based anti-spatter compound is not always compatible with all nozzle cleaning stations and it can clog up this equipment. Despite the fact that the more popular water-based anti-spatter compound is non-toxic, welding operators and/or maintenance personnel should still take care when handling and using it. They should avoid breathing in spray mists and always wash their hands after coming in contact with the compound (for example, when filling the sprayer). The use of a NIOSH certified (or equivalent) respirator during spraying is recommended. Also, personnel should wear Nitrile or Butyle gloves and wear chemical safety goggles for the best protection. Local exhaust ventilation near the sprayer is also important. Store anti-spatter compound containers according at the temperatures recommended by the manufacturer. Best practices for anti-spatter compound use Spraying for about a half-second is the standard recommendation. If a company finds that it is necessary to spray the anti-spatter compound any longer, that usually means the sprayer is too far away. In fact, anti-spatter compound should never be sprayed for three or more seconds. In addition to causing harm to the consumables, excess spraying can leave a residue of the compound in the weld cell that could lead to safety issues, such as slick floors and slipping hazards. Over-application of anti-spatter compound may also damage equipment, such as power sources, by adversely affecting electrical circuits it comes in contact with. Some manufacturers offer a spray containment unit, which can help capture excess anti-spatter compound. This 3 to 4-inch unit fits over the spray head on the anti-spatter compound sprayer. After the spatter has been cleared from the nozzle during the reaming cycle, the nozzle docks on the spray containment unit. An opening at the top of the cylinder allows the anti-spatter to spray onto the nozzle while an O-ring seals the nozzle in place so only the outside edge and inside of the nozzle are sprayed. The spray containment unit also collects any anti-spatter compound runoff at the bottom of the unit so it can be easily drained into a container and disposed of properly. Anti-spatter compound cannot be reused and should be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations. When employing a spray containment unit, it is important to inspect it regularly, removing any spatter or debris from the bottom that could prevent it from working properly. As part of a preventive maintenance activities, clear the screen or filter inside the unit of contaminants using clean, compressed air. Doing so helps ensure that the screen can continue to fulfill its intended purpose of improving air quality. As with any part of the robotic welding operation, when employed properly, this unit and the use of anti-spatter compound can yield positive results. Always follow the manufacturer’s recommendation for use and consult with a trusted welding distributor with any questions. In conjunction with anti-spatter compound, a nozzle cleaning station improves quality and productivity in robotic weld cells by helping extend consumable life and reducing downtime for changeover. Here are some tips to get the most out from this equipment. Correct placement: Place the nozzle cleaning station in close proximity to the robot so it is easily accessible. Match parts and sizes: Make sure the V-block inside the top of the nozzle cleaning station is the correct size for the nozzle, that the cutter blade is the correct size for the nozzle bore, and that the insertion depth of the nozzle to the reamer is adequate. Monitor the home signal: Monitor the home signal on the nozzle cleaning station to reduce issues during the cleaning cycle and minimize guesswork regarding whether the equipment is ready for use or done with its cycle. Clean and scrape parts: Clean the top seal on the spindle under the cutter and make sure all clamp faces are kept clean by scraping the faces and jaws on the V-block to remove debris. Buildup on these parts can push the nozzle out of position, leading to the fit-up no longer being concentric — and, potentially, to broken cutter blades.
A nozzle cleaning station, or reamer, is a peripheral that can be integrated into an automated welding system to maximize its performance. Reamers remove spatter from inside the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) gun’s front-end consumables — nozzles, contact tips and retaining heads — that accumulates during routine welding. In doing so, this equipment improves quality and productivity in robotic weld cells by extending consumable life and reducing downtime for maintenance. In addition, utilizing a reamer helps prevent loss of shielding gas coverage, a problem that can lead to expensive rework to correct porosity or other weld defects. From proper installation and setup to effective operation, there are best practices to gain the highest performance, quality and long-term use from reamers.
7 MIG Welding Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
7 MIG Welding Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
No. 1: Improper liner length
No. 2: Overheated consumables
No. 3: A bad ground
No. 4: Improper voltage or wire feed speed
No. 5: Poor cable management
No. 6: Selecting the wrong gun
No. 7: Drive roll issues
Proper maintenance is also key
What MIG Gun Neck is Right for You?
What MIG Gun Neck is Right for You?
Feeling the heat
Standard necks
Flex necks
Specialty necks
Final thoughts
Fume Extraction Gun: Features and Techniques to Improve Performance
Fume Extraction Gun: Features and Techniques to Improve Performance
Fume extraction gun options
Features to consider
Fume extraction gun best practices
Getting results
Steps for Proper MIG Gun Liner Installation
Steps for Proper MIG Gun Liner Installation
Step-by-step installation
That way, once all of the consumables are back on at the front of the gun, the wire is already in the gun and ready to be pulled through.
Installing a front-loading QUICK LOAD Liner
1. Unravel the liner (which comes coiled) and stick the brass end — the end that goes into the receiver at the back of the gun — over the wire and through the neck.
2. Feed the liner through the front of the gun using short strokes, to avoid kinking the liner. The front-loading liner will click or snap into place once it hits the receiver in the power pin.
3. Once that is complete, put the liner gauge on top of the liner and follow the standard installation steps above.Installing a front-loading liner with the spring-loaded module
Retrofitting a gun
Proper liner installation can help optimize performance
Proper Ergonomics Improve Welding Productivity, Protect Welders
Proper Ergonomics Improve Welding Productivity, Protect Welders
By Jack Kester, senior VP, Marsh Risk Consulting and Andy Monk, product manager, Bernard
Welding-related musculoskeletal disorders
The risk factors
Ergonomic solutions
The keys to an effective ergonomics program
Reduce Downtime and Costs with Water-Cooled Robotic MIG Guns
Reduce Downtime and Costs with Water-Cooled Robotic MIG Guns
Understanding water-cooled robotic MIG guns
When to switch to a water-cooled robotic MIG gun
2. Excessive gun temperature (overheating)
3. Excessive cycle time (high duty cycle)Converting to a water-cooled robotic MIG gun
Maintenance and usage tips
Lower operating costs
Tips to Optimize the Robotic Weld Cell
Tips to Optimize the Robotic Weld Cell
Pre-engineered or custom welding cell?
Choosing the right gun and nozzle
Key considerations for proper layout
The right choices enhance productivity and quality
Managing MIG Guns and Consumables for Multiple Applications
Managing MIG Guns and Consumables for Multiple Applications
1. Standardize on a shorter power cable length across weld cells. As a rule of thumb, always use the MIG gun with the shortest power cable possible. A MIG gun with a longer power cable can cause welding operator discomfort since it is heavier, which can cost money and time if he or she has to stop to rest due to fatigue. Additionally, a shorter power cable minimizes the risks of kinks that could cause poor wire feeding and/or an erratic arc, and result in downtime to address birdnesting or rework.
Maintaining TCP: How Does Your Robotic MIG Gun Neck Factor In?
Maintaining TCP – How Does Your Robotic MIG Gun Neck Factor In?
The value of TCP
Air-cooled or water-cooled gun?
Getting the best performance
Optimize the system to ensure proper TCP
What to Know About Liners for Robotic Welding Guns
What to Know About Liners for Robotic Welding Guns
This article has been published as a web-exclusive on thefabricator.com. To read the entire story, please click here.
Choose the Right Power Cable to Reduce Downtime in Robotic Welding Applications
Choose the Right Power Cable to Reduce Downtime in Robotic Welding Applications
Conventional vs. through-arm guns
Choosing the right cable length
Key best practices
Reduce downtime with the right choice
How Can Customizing a MIG Gun Benefit the Welding Operation
How Can Customizing a MIG Gun Benefit the Welding Operation?
Why customize?
Getting started
Consider the welding cell
because the MIG gun selected must meet the amperage and
voltage requirements.Choosing the cable
Neck and handle options
Matching consumables to the gun
Choosing the right MIG gun
Signs Your MIG Gun Is Overheating – and How to Prevent It
Signs Your MIG Gun Is Overheating — and How to Prevent It
Watch for the signs
Common causes of overheating
Preventing gun overheating
Reduce Costly Downtime By Preventing Poor Wire Feeding
Reduce Costly Downtime By Preventing Poor Wire Feeding
Feeder, adapter and other equipment issues
Drive roll considerations
Check the liner
For all consumable systems, inspect the contact tips regularly and replace as necessary.
keep the cable as straight as possible during welding to prevent issues with wire feeding.
If the other components and consumables have been inspected and adjusted as needed and wire feeding remains a problem, it may be that the wrong length of gun is being used. Troubleshooting feeding issues
Related Articles
Conventional Guns on Through-Arm Robotic Welding Systems: When to Make the Choice
Conventional Guns on Through-Arm Robotic Welding Systems: When to Make the Choice
Considerations in choosing robotic guns
Benefits of conventional guns
When to stay with a through-arm gun
Best practices for performance
Six Tips for Implementing Your Robotic GMAW Gun… and Getting the Most From It
Six Tips for Implementing Your Robotic GMAW Gun … and Getting the Most From It
Tip No. 1: Choose a solid mount instead of a clutch
Tip No. 2: Use an air blast feature
Tip No. 3: Utilize a simulation program
Tip No. 4: Utilize a neck inspection fixture
Tip No. 5: Ensure proper gun and cable installation
Tip No. 6: Conduct proper gun maintenance
gun to ensure they are tight and secure. Doing so
helps prevent issues that can lead to weld defect
and downtime.
Choosing and properly installing the right gun and cable is just the beginning. Proper ongoing maintenance is also an important factor to optimize performance. Optimize the system
Solving Five Causes of Downtime in a Robotic Welding Operation
Solving Five Causes of Downtime in a Robotic Welding Operation
No. 1: Poor cable management and/or incorrect cable selection
No. 2: Premature consumable failure
No. 3 Excessive spatter buildup in consumables
No. 4: Collisions
No. 5: Poor wire feeding
Tips for Maximizing Welding Operator Comfort and Productivity
Tips for Maximizing Welding Operator Comfort and Productivity
Selecting the right gas metal arc welding (GMAW) gun
Consider gun balance
Customize for the job
Use correct positioning and form
Maximizing comfort
Best Practices for Success in Self-Shielded Flux-Cored Welding
Best Practices for Success in Self-Shielded Flux-Cored Welding
Slag inclusions
Porosity and wormtracking
Two additional defects affecting weld quality are lack of fusion and undercutting. Preventing these issues can help welding operations save time and money in rework and downtime. Problems with penetration
Finding success
Understanding Gun Ratings: What You Need to Know to Select Your MIG Gun
Understanding Gun Ratings: What You Need to Know to Select Your MIG Gun
Gun ratings explained
How do you operate?
Understanding the impact of heat
As an air-cooled MIG gun increases in amperage, the size of the cable, connections and handles also increases. Therefore, a MIG gun with a higher rated capacity almost always has greater mass. If you are an occasional welder, that weight and size increase may not bother you; however, if you weld all day, every day, it is better to find a lighter and smaller MIG gun suited to your application. In some cases, that may mean switching to a water-cooled MIG gun, which is smaller and lighter, but can also provide the same welding capacity. Deciding between air- and water-cooled
Final thoughts to keep you comfortable
Considerations for Consumables in Robotic Welding Applications
Considerations for Consumables in Robotic Welding Applications
Space and duty cycle factors
Consumable materials and sizes
good defense against premature consumable
failure and poor shielding gas coverage,
and can help extend the life of front-end
consumables.Heavy- versus standard-duty
Welding mode and wear
Consider the impact of welding wire
Maintaining Consumables
Gain Efficiencies and Extend Consumable Life with Anti-Spatter Compound
Gain Efficiencies and Extend Consumable Life with Anti-Spatter Compound
Although it resembles water in its consistency, anti-spatter compound (when applied correctly and in the appropriate volume), will not drip like water. It simply creates a sacrificial barrier between the nozzle and any spatter generated during the welding process; the spatter easily falls off when the nozzle cleaning station performs the reaming cycle, thereby leaving the nozzle and other front-end consumables clean. The compound must be reapplied frequently to help maintain that barrier. tt
Positioning the robotic GMAW gun and front-end consumables in the correct location for the ream cycle and anti-spatter application helps the compound to be applied uniformly. To gain optimal spray coverage, always follow the manufacturer’s instructions for proper setup based on the nozzle bore size. If the sprayer is too far away from the nozzle, it will not provide adequate coverage to prevent spatter buildup. If the nozzle and sprayer are too close, too much spray may saturate the nozzle insulator, which can lead to premature failure.Adding a spray containment unit
which can help capture excess anti-spatter compound.
This 3- to 4-inch unit fits over the spray head on the
anti-spatter compound sprayer. Additional tips for effective nozzle cleaning station operation
Tips for Optimizing Reamer Usage
Tips for Optimizing Reamer Usage
This article has been published as an exclusive with The Fabricator. To read the entire article, provided by Ryan Lizotte, Tregaskiss field technical support specialist, please click here.
